General Science 1st Term Examination Reviewer Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards generated from the General Science 1st Term Examination Reviewer covering motion, fluid mechanics, optics, acoustics, microbiology, and household chemistry.

Scalar Quantity

A physical quantity that has magnitude only, such as distance, speed, time, and mass.

Vector Quantity

A physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force.

Distance

The total path traveled by an object; it is a scalar quantity, requires no direction, and is always positive.

Displacement

The straight-line change in position of an object; it is a vector quantity that has direction and can be positive, negative, or zero.

Translational Motion

Motion in which an object moves from one position to another, where points of the object move along paths that remain parallel.

Rectilinear Motion

A form of translational motion characterized by movement along a straight line.

Curvilinear Motion

A form of translational motion characterized by movement along a curved path.

Rotational Motion

Motion in which an object spins around an axis, changing its orientation while different points can have different linear velocities.

Pressure

The amount of force applied over an area, represented as $P = \frac{F}{A}$ with the SI unit Pascal ($1\,Pa = 1\,N/m^2$).

Pascal's Principle

The principle stating that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions, which allows a small force on a smaller piston to produce a larger force on a larger piston ($\frac{F_1}{A_1} = \frac{F_2}{A_2}$).

Archimedes' Principle

The principle stating that the buoyant force acting on an immersed object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Buoyant Force

The upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed object.

Density

The mass per unit volume of a substance, calculated using the formula $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$.

Light Wave

An electromagnetic wave that does not require a material medium and can travel through air, water, glass, and a vacuum.

Sound Wave

A mechanical wave that requires a material medium to travel and cannot travel through a vacuum.

LED (Light-Emitting Diode)

An energy-efficient light source that converts electrical energy into visible light with relatively little energy lost as heat compared to incandescent bulbs.

Core (Optical Fiber)

The inner part of a typical optical fiber that carries light.

Cladding

The layer surrounding the core of an optical fiber that keeps light within the core.

Total Internal Reflection

The optical phenomenon repeatedly undergone by light inside an optical fiber, allowing information to travel long distances via light pulses.

Femtosecond Laser Beam

A focused laser beam that can be precisely controlled and concentrated on a small area for delicate procedures like eye surgery.

Amplitude (Sound)

The wave property directly related to sound loudness; a greater amplitude results in a louder sound, whereas a smaller amplitude produces a softer sound.

Soundproofing

The use of acoustic insulation materials to reduce sound passing between different spaces by absorbing or blocking acoustic energy.

Sound Absorption

The process of reducing reflected sound and echoes within a single room using materials such as sound-absorbing foam.

Ultrasound

High-frequency sound waves used in medicine to create images of internal body structures by detecting reflected waves.

Holography

A technique utilizing properties of light such as interference and diffraction to record light information and produce a three-dimensional appearance.

Germ Theory

The foundation established by Louis Pasteur stating that microorganisms can cause contamination, spoilage, and disease.

Swan-Neck Flask Experiment

An experiment performed by Louis Pasteur to challenge spontaneous generation, proving that contamination originates from microorganisms present in the environment.

Pasteurization

A controlled heat treatment used to reduce harmful microorganisms in food and beverages to slow spoilage without producing a completely sterile product.

Sterilization

A process capable of extensive microbial destruction aimed at destroying all viable microorganisms to yield a sterile product.

Sodium Hypochlorite (\text{NaClO})

The active disinfecting compound in common household liquid bleach responsible for its bleaching and disinfecting action.

Fluoride

A active component in toothpaste that helps strengthen tooth enamel and prevent dental caries or cavities.

Humectant

A substance, such as glycerol or glycerin, that attracts and retains moisture to prevent dryness in personal-care products like soaps, lotions, and toothpaste.

VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)

Chemical vapors released by products such as air fresheners into indoor air that can contribute to indoor air pollution, eye irritation, and throat irritation.

Protease

An enzyme added to detergents that specifically breaks down protein-based stains such as blood and egg.

Sodium Bicarbonate (\text{NaHCO}_3)

Also known as baking soda; a gentle, less abrasive household cleaner used for odor control, removing residues, and gentle scrubbing.

Preservatives

Substances added to products containing water and organic oils (such as shampoo) to prevent or slow microbial growth and spoilage during storage.

DTI (Department of Trade and Industry)

The government agency responsible for consumer protection, product standards, and fair trade-related regulation.