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Language-based learning disabilities

A category of specific learning disabilities that account for 80% of these disabilities, characterized by difficulties in reading, writing, and sometimes speaking.

Dyslexia

A specific learning disability of neurological origin, characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, and by poor spelling and decoding abilities.

Phonological awareness

The ability to hear, recognize, and manipulate sounds in spoken words; crucial for developing reading and spelling skills.

The alphabetic principle

The understanding that letters (or groups of letters) correspond to sounds in languages that use an alphabetic writing system.

Shallow orthographies

Languages with a regular one-to-one letter-sound correspondence, such as Spanish.

Deep orthographies

Languages with irregular one-to-many letter-sound correspondences, such as English.

Phonemic awareness

The ability to focus on and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in words; the most advanced stage of phonological awareness.

Automatic word recognition

The ability to read fluently without sounding out each word; develops in stages as children practice reading.

Bottom-Up Processing

A data-driven approach that focuses on decoding individual sounds and words to build meaning.

Top-Down Processing

A concept-driven approach that uses background knowledge and context to interpret meaning.

Morphological awareness

The ability to recognize, understand, and manipulate the smallest meaningful units of language, helping in decoding and understanding complex words.

Reading rope

A model illustrating how word recognition and language comprehension skills work together to support reading comprehension.

Decoding

The ability to convert printed words into the sounds of spoken language and to comprehend the meaning.

Comprehension

The ability to understand and make sense of what one reads or hears, including identifying literal and inferred meanings.

Specific reading comprehension disorder

A type of learning disability where the primary difficulty lies in comprehension, which may be secondary to other language disorders.

Evidence-based literacy instruction

Teaching practice that is based on scientific evidence proving its effectiveness in promoting reading skills.

Vocabulary skills

The ability to acquire, use, and understand a range of words and phrases, significant for academic and everyday success.

DLD (Developmental Language Disorder)

A language disorder characterized by difficulties in understanding and using language; some individuals may also exhibit dyslexia.