BERNSTEIN PHSC 2301 Energy - ATP (second half for second test)

what are the sources of energy for atp production?

glucose, fatty acids. lactate, and amino acids

what three systems transforms energy in a usable form --> ATP

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

how many atp is produced from glycolysis

2

how many atp is produced from citric acid cycle

2

how many atp is produced from oxidative phosphorylation

34

4 major stage in atp production:

ATP and electron carrier NADH - creates 2 ATP

glycolysis

4 major stage in atp production:

ATP and electron carries NADH/FADH - creates 2 ATP

citric acid cycle

4 major stage in atp production:

electrons flow from NADH/FADH to O2

electron transport chain

4 major stage in atp production:

proton-motive force powers ATP synthesis in FOF 1 complex - 32-34 atp

atp synthesis

stage 1 of ATP production

glycolysis

glycolysis occurs where

cytosol

citric acid cycle occurs where

mitochondrial matrix

oxidative phosphorylation occurs where

mitochondrial cristae

glycolysis:

1 mol glucose converts to what

glucose-6-phosphate (6C)

how many steps are in glycolysis

10

2 mol of pyruvic acid (3c) either goes to the ______________ or converts to _____________

citric cycle, 2 mol lactate (3C)

ionized form of lactic acid

lactate

anaerobic production:

2 lactate, 2 ATP

aerobic production

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH-H+

stage 2 of atp production

citric acid cycle

what is the substrate that starts the citric acid cycle that is derived from pyruvate, fatty acids, and amino acids?

acetyl coenzyme A

what makes up acetyl co a (+ 1 NADH-H+ and 1 CO2)

pyruvate (3C) + coenzyme A

what makes up citric acid?

acetyl coenzyme A + Oxaloacetic acid (4C)

how many reactions are in the citric acid cycle

8

what starts the 8 reactions in the citric acid cycle?

oxaloacetic acid (4C)

one pyruvate generates what

1 ATP, 4 NADH-H+, 1 FADH2, 3 CO2

two pyruvate generate what

2 ATP, 8 NADH-H+, 2 FADH2, 6 CO2

2 pyruvate molecules result in 8 NADH-H+ which adds to the 2 NADH-H+ from what

glycolysis

10 NADH-H+ + 2 FADH2 makes what

34-36 ATP

hydrogen carriers (NAD+ and FAD) are ______________

coenzymes

a specific, heat stable, low molecular weight organic molecule

coenzyme

coenzyme bound to enzyme _____________ and ____________

covalently, noncovalently

coenzymes may be regarded as ______________ substrates

second

coenzymes function as ________________ reagents

group-transfer

NAD+ ionized makes what

NADH

nicotinamide adenin dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme derived from what

niacin (vitamin B3)

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a coenzyme derived from what

riboflavin (vitamin B2)

1 mol of glucose makes how much ATP

34-36

hydrogen carriers NAD and FAD transfer pairs of _________ atoms from molecule (X) to molecule (Y)

hydrogen

a hydrogen atom with an extra electron

hydride ion (H-)

2H when transferring includes one hydride ion that has an extra electron and a proton (2H --> H- H+) (true or false)

true

when H- is removed from NADH, it is converted into a proton and two high energy electrons (true or false)

true

glycolysis and citric acid cycle provide only _____ ATP

four

most of free energy (90%) is stored in what

NADH-H+ and FADH2

energy available to do work

free energy

free energy is stored in what

electrons

during oxidative phosphorylation, energy stored one electrons synthesize _________ ATP

34-36

NADH-H+ is formed during

glycolysis

NADH-H+ and FADH2 are formed during

citric acid cycle

Rudolph Kolliker in 1850 described the mitochondria in the ___________ cell

muscle

in 1883, Andreas Schimmer said that the ___________ is a symbiosis between bacteria and the cell

chloroplast

in 1913, otto warburg demonstrated consumption of _________ by the mitochondria

oxygen

in the 1920th, a _____________ origin of mitochondria was suggested

symbiotic

in 1948, intact active mitochondria was isolated by differential __________________

centrifugation

in 1960th, mitochondria and chloroplast contain their own ________

DNA

in the 1970s, mitochondria and chloroplast are ________________ structures

semiautonomous

mitochondria in the cell is about ________ in length

1 micrometer

mitochondria number varies from one to thousands (true or false)

true

liver cell has about how many mitochondria

500-1000

mitochondria may be discrete organelles and also may form interconnected 3D networks (true or false)

true

where does electron transport occur

in the membrane

An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells

cytochrome

cytochromes contain _________ group

porphyrin (cytochrome ~ heme)

iron of heme serves as what

electron carrier

how many cytochromes are there

five

what are the five cytochromes?

b, c, c1, a, a3

cytochromes transfer electrons to molecular ________

oxygen

electrons flow to oxygen to provide synthesis of 32-34 ATP molecules (true or false)

false (34-36 molecules of ATP)

flow of electrons through he membrane drives _________ pumps

proton

electron flow is adjusted to the energy need of the cell (true or false)

true

potential difference in electrical energy of electron transport chain

energy of oxidation, voltage "oxidation"

1136 mv (OR 52 kcal/mol)

coenzyme Q is a

protein

most abundant electron carrier and plays a central role in electron transport

coenzyme Q (CoQ)

coenzyme Q is the collection point for __________ from NADH-H and FADH2

electrons

Coenzyme Q is _________ in the interior of the inner mitochondrial membrane because it can sort of move since the size of a protein (5-6 nm) is smaller than membrane (7nm)

mobile

Coenzyme Q transfers only electrons (true or false)

false (transfers electrons and protons)

proton pumps made up of cytochromes operate in what three complexes

I, III, IV

electron transfer through what three complexes

I, III, IV

which complex?

2H + 2e- + 1/2 O2 ---> H2O (oxidative reaction)

(complex) IV

how many protons are pumped through I, III, IV?

4, 4 , 2

how many respiratory complexes are there

four

carriers are organized into complexes within the _______ mitochondrial membrane

inner

respiratory complexes are in line and exist as mobile multi-protein complexes (true or false)

false (they are not in line but exist as mobile multi-protein complexes)

what two things transfers electrons between respiratory complexes

coenzyme Q and cytochrome C

proton pumps pumps protons from _________ in the space between inner and outer membrane

matrix

oxidative reactions take place where

inner membrane

proton pumps create a significant proton gradient (true or false)

true

proton gradient is found where

between inter membrane space and matrix

most abundant type of ions in biological systems

protons

protons are highly mobile in hydrogen-bounded network of ______________ molecules

water

protons move across the _________ in the lipid bilayer

proteins

protons are transported through a special channel through the proteins (true or false)

true

electrons transferred to molecules that accepts e-, while H+ is passed to what

water

pumping protons from one side of membrane to another is complex (true or false)

false (simple)

when electron brings negative charge, H+ from water neutralizes the charge (true or false)

true

when a molecule is oxidized, electrons and protons can be easily dissociated (true or false)

true

dissociated electrons and protons are transferred together (true or false)

false (separately)

ATP synthesis is coupled to electron transport by an electrochemical proton gradient across a membrane

protons and electrons are separated

chemiosmotic coupling theory

chemiosmotic coupling theory

electrons --> transferred in ___________________

respiratory chain (1136 mv)

chemiosmotic coupling theory

protons are pushed into _________________

inter membrane space (pressure = 220 mv)