fascism

intensional

provide a property or set of properties which members have in common (ex. a dog is a creature that has x characteristics)

extensional

provide a list of examples

genus

class of things in which a term belongs (humans are primates); part of intensional def.

differentia

what distinguishes a term from other things in its class (humans are primates that are capable of algebra); part of intensional def.

Battle of Caporetto

Devastating battle for the Italians during WWI, ended their involvement in WWI, Italy ended up not getting spoils from the war

Fiume

Protofascist state created by D'Annunzio (poet), invaded modern-day Croatia, aesthetic influence for Mussolini, also inspired punishments (castor oil)

Fascist Manifesto

Created by war veterans, syndicalists, futurist intellectuals

Syndicalism

Working-class rival to parliamentary socialism

Rooted in trade unions (syndicates)

Believed could overthrow capitalism by force of will (pro-war and violence)

After capitalism, workers within their "syndicates" would be the functioning units of production in a free society

Involved in creation of Fascist Manifesto

Futurism

Avant-garde art movement founded by poet Marinetti in 1909

Published manifesto of Futurism, dismissing the cultural legacy of the past (museums, libraries) and glorified violence and the "beauty" of war

"Beauty of speed" - racing car more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace

Involved in creation of Fascist Manifesto

Blackshirts

Mussolini's goons, participated in March on Rome

Mussolini orders the Blackshirts to seize public buildings, commandeer trains, and converge on three points surrounding Rome

King Victor Emmanuel III balks and makes Mussolini Prime Minister

Elazar study

Look at areas in Italy with fascist incidents

Capitalist north had the most prevalent fascist violence, sharecropping center second most, semi feudal south last.

Strong correlation between types of means of production and violence

Problem of instrumental variable

Instrumental variable

need to be related to x but unrelated to e

Endogeneity is a problem.

Basically, e is the confounding variable (alternate explanation)

Acemoglu et al

Italy: Correlation of Socialist share in 1919 election and fascist share in 1924

WWI casualties happen to correlate with socialist/fascist share (this is the endogeneity) -> look at foot-soldier casualties, try to make separate (instrumental variable)

Result: Socialist (1919) and Fascist (1924) still highly correlated

Fascist violence and socialist vote share also correlated

Conclusion: Center-right/landholders/business community voted for the fascists because they were afraid of socialism.

Other instruments: Spanish flu, drought-induced economic hardship

Kiel mutiny (1918)

German command wants final naval battle with the British

Sailors mutiny because they don't want to die

Kiel and Hamburg fall

November Revolution

Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates

Council of People's Representatives headed by Friedrich Ebert (MSPD - moderates) abd Hugo Haase (USPD - socialist/communist)

December 28 1918, this alliance between the MSPD and USPD collapses

Freikorps

"Free corps" (Proto-Nazis)

Comprising demobilized soldiers, psychopaths, those who hated Communism and socialism, kids too young to be in the war

Survived the warless years between 1923 and 1933

Become the corps of Hitler's SA

Karl Lueger

Inspiration for Hitler

Mayor of Vienna in 1897

Anti-semitism (probably mainly to get votes, he actually had many Jewish friends)

Anti-corruption

Defense of artisans and shopkeepers

Catchy slogans and songs

Efficient municipal services (trains and such)

Goerg von Schonerer

Inspiration for Hitler

Wealthy landowner

Pan-Germanism

Opponent of political Catholicism

Rabid anti-Semite (for real)

Followers addressed him as Fuhrer

Used the Heil greeting

Beer Hall Putsch

Hitler attempts to kidnap the leaders of the Bavarian government to force them to support a coup against the federal government in Berlin

Arrested for high treason and sentenced to 5 years in prison and only served 1. Dictated Mein Kampf while imprisoned

SA/Brownshirts

Evolved out of the Freikorps, Hitler's goons

Backstairs Conspiracy

Catholic aristocrat Franz von Papen forms a government without politicians , Hitler refuses to be vice chancellor

President Hindenburg replaces him as chancellor with von Schleicher

Von Papen arranges a deal where Hitler would be chancellor and von Papen runs things as deputy chancellor (basically he wants to be the secret one in charge). Hindenburg is convinced by his son that Schleicher was planning to depose him and install a military dictatorship, and appointed Hitler as chancellor on January 30, 1933. He intended for Hitler to be like a puppet leader.

Reichstag Burning

Hitler essentially declares state of emergency

Reichstag Fire Decree suspends all legal protections of speech, assembly, property, and personal liberty

Suspected "terrorists" arrested at will, SA kick out Jewish lawyers and magistrates and sack left-wing offices and newspapers

The Enabling Act allows Hitler to govern by decree for four years, after which he would retire (he renewed it in 1937 and 1942)

Night of the Long Knives

Enemies of Hitler targeted in 150-200 murders shortly after he takes power

Theories of Nazi Voters (King, Rosen, Tanner, Wagner)

Group-based theories, catchall theories

Group-based theories (Nazi voters)

Mass society theories, class theories; theory for Nazi voters

Mass society theories (Nazi voters)

Extremist movements have their strongest appeal to individuals on the social periphery

Focus on the irrational, anti-intellectual, and visceral nature of Nazism

(Group-based theory)

Class theories (Nazi voters)

A different democratic and extremist form of political expression forms for each group resulting in a set of "radicalization hypotheses"

Ideal-typical Nazi voter was a middle-class, self-employed Protestant who lived either on a farm or in a small community

(Group-based theory)

Catchall theories (Nazi voters)

Protest party that attracts votes from a wide band of the social-class spectrum

Support from all corners

Core supporters were the middle classes, but could also count on support from blue-collar and upper classes

Incentives-based explanation (Nazi voters)

Who gained from voting for the Nazis? - those hurt the most by the economic depression: Unemployed, working poor

Retrospective voting

Influence of religion on voting (Catholic workers benefited from government and were affected less by depression); also favored Zentrum party

Retrospective voting

3 types

1. Reelected high-performing politicians, throwing out poor performers, incentivizing good behavior on the part of politicians

2. After learning about an incumbent's quality through their performance in office, voters can choose to reelect a competent leader or take their chances on an unknown challenger

3. Voters may find it difficult to process all relevant information and instead rely on cognitive shortcuts when faced with difficult problems

Problem: Can't explain where the voters go outside of a two-party system

Why vote for the Nazis and why not another party like the Communists or Socialists?

Emile Durkheim

One of the three founders of modern social science, wrote Le Suicide

Le Suicide

Le Suicide (1897) - Suicide rates were highest in provinces that were heavily Protestant. Concluded that stronger social control among Catholics resulted in lower suicide rates ("suicide is a mortal sin")

Yet Protestant countries and Catholic countries differ in many ways besides religion. (confounding variables)

Aggregation bias (Durkheim)

Exposure and response are measured only for aggregates and not individuals

Suicide rates were neary 8 fold higher in Protestant v non-Protestant countries, but none of the regions was entirely Protestant or non-Protestant

It is possible that non-Protestant minorities in Protestant countries are the ones committing suicide

Ecological inference

Popular support for the Nazi party in pre-war Germany

We know the percentage of people who voted for the Nazis vs other parties, percentage of farmers in Germany, but we don't know which farmers voted for the Nazis

Ecological fallacy

thinking that relationships observed for groups necessarily hold for individuals (sort of like correlation = causation)

If countries with more Protestants tend to have higher suicide rates, then Protestants must be more likely to commit suicide

You can tell a story about any data

Bowling Alone (Putnam)

Social capital (social connections in society) necessary to build and maintain democracy

Has been declining in the US since the 1950s - "atomized society"

Individuals and not groups

Partly due to television and urban sprawl (not living in heart of cities, suburbs instead)

Therefore lack of it can lead to less democracy

Satyanath, Voigtlaender, Voth / Rebuttal to Putnam

Germany's vibrant "civic society" facilitated the rise of Hitler by bringing more people into contact with his party's message

Nazi party grew more quickly where association density (civic associations per capita) were higher

All types of associations (civic/military clubs, "bridging" and "bonding") positively predict Nazi Party entry

Conclusion:

Social capital can undermine and help to destroy a democratic system

Association density predicting Nazi election success

Voigtlander and Voth / Black Death

The same places that witnessed violent attacks on Jews during the plague showed more anti-Semitic attitudes more than half a millennium later in Germany

agrari

wealthy landowners in Italy, those in Po Valley especially made alliances with fascists to combat socialist reforms, mobilize

Nathan Bedford Forrest

First Grand Wizard of the KKK, shut it down after government crackdown

Know-Nothings

Reactionary to immigration wave

Deport foreign beggars and criminals

21-year naturalization period for immigrants

Mandatory Bible reading in school

No Catholics in public office

Early-MAGA: temperance, Protestantism, self-reliance, with American nationality and work ethic enshrined as the nation's highest values.

Nativist, collapsed over slavery

Nativism

Embrace of nationalism

Religious discrimination

Working-class identity matched with the rhetoric of upper-class political leaders

Know-Nothings

Gerald Winrod

Minister

Defenders of the Christian Faith

The "Jayhawk Nazi"

Writes the book The Truth About the Protocols (basically agreeing with it)

One of the inspiration for Buzz Windrip

Great sedition trial of 1944

Biblical Protestantism

Mankind had entered the last murky phase preceding the Last Judgment

Biblical prophecies could explain political and social developments in the contemporary world

Faith in America's special place in God's plans, that is, the conviction that God would spare the United States the worst convulsion

William Dudley Pelley

Actual German agent, later deported

Founded Silver Legion/Silver Shirts - fascist paramilitary group that got the most popularity in the US

Convicted of sedition and treason for plotting to overthrow the US

Mentioned in It Can't Happen Here

Great sedition trial of 1944

Silver Legion/Silver Shirts

"Love, Loyalty and Liberation" (peaked at around 15,000 members)

Want a Christian Commonwealth of America combining nationalism, theocracy, while excluding Jews and non-whites

Ran for President in 1936 under Christian Party label

Big component of Hitler's inspiration

Father Coughlin

Radio priest, Roman Catholic

Very popular, 30 million listeners

Anti-Semite, actually had his broadcast cut off once because of it

Plagiarized a speech by Nazi Propaganda Minister Goebbels

Christian Front cooperated with the Bund (Hitler supporters)

Christian Front

Militant group associated with Father Coughlin

Cells all over the country

Military training and weapons

Arrested and prosecuted in 1940

Boston chapter had direct ties to Nazis

Populism

Two homogenous groups: "the people" and the "established elite"

With an antagonistic relationship (sort of like Marxist proletariat vs. bourgeoisie, but without the economic dimension/analysis)

People are virtuous, elite and denigrated, must empower the people for things to get better

The will of the "people" is considered the ultimate source of legitimacy (popular sovereignty)

American First Committee

Charles Lindbergh was in it, was the spokesman

Thought Jews were behind the media and government

Started at Yale

Riddled with anti-semitism and pro-fascist views

Many involved with George Viereck (Franking scheme)

Franking scheme

Frank - congressmen can send mail to constituents for free, don't pay to communicate, so government/taxpayers pick up tab

George Viereck paid members of Congress to give floor speeches written by Hitler's government (AKA German propaganda) and then use their franking privileges to send millions of them out to constituents at taxpayer's expense

Later prosecuted in Great Sedition Trial of 1944

Great Sedition Trial

30 defendants

Government prosecutes them all at once to create a great trial, everyone has their own lawyers

Trial is a chaotic circus that goes on for months

Sitting congressmen attend the trial and sit with the defendants

Judge dies from a heart attack and by that point it is 1945, they decide that they do not want to retry all these people, so they get off scot-free

Truman becomes president and is bffs with these people, so he fires the prosecutor

Ida B. Wells

Born into slavery, freed, became investigative journalist

Early civil rights leader

One founder of the NAACP

Documented lynchings

national socialism

Invented by French nationalist author Maurice Barres in 1896

Nationalism necessarily engenders socialism, nationalism is socialist by definition, defense of worker against foreign invaders, bourgeois, exploitation of the natives by the Jews

Marquis de Mores

National socialist

Recruits slaughterhouse workers in Paris with a mixture of anticapitalism and antisemitic nationalism

His goons wear cowboy outfits and ten-gallon hats

Attack Jewish shops and offices

Cercle Proudhon

Unite nationalists and left-wing anti-democrats around an offensive against "Jewish capitalism"

Alliance of nationalism and syndicalism, extreme left and extreme left unite to begin siege on democracy

Led by Georges Valois

Not long after Dreyfus affair

de La Rocque

Takes over veteran's group Croix de Feu/PSF in 1931

Turns it into political movement with a paramilitary bent

Denounce weakness and corruption of parliament

Warn against threat of Bolshevism

Advocates for authoritarian state

Greater justice for workers

Paramilitary force known as dispos

Joins Vichy and praises Hitler

Changes sides in 1942 (when the US entered the war) and joins the Resistance

Croix de Feu

Fascist marches on Rome, Berlin, Vienna, Madrid

Involved in march on Chamber of Deputies Feb 6, 1934

Rejected anti-Semitism and recruited patriotic Jews

Popular Front dissolves all right-wing paramilitary groups in 1936

Parti Social Francais

De la Rocque's replacement for Croix de Feu

Toward center

No paramilitary rallies

National reconciliation

Social justice under strong but elected leader

Probably largest party before WWII

The closer a French movement imitated Mussolini or Hitler, the worse it did

The Parti Social Francais tried to look moderate and republican

Oswald Mosley

Founder of New Party -> British Union of Fascists

British MP

British Union of Fascists / Blackshirts

Gets backing from the Daily Mail

June 1934 - become the Blackshirts, beat up opponents at a large public meeting at the Olympia exhibition hall in London

1936 - Battle of Cable Street, clash with police and antifascists

90% of BUF's 50,000 members leave after the Night of the Long Knives in Germany

Later cracked down on by Public Order Act

Rif War

Spanish colonizers against the Rifians of northern Morocco

One of the last colonial wars

Spanish and French forces led by Colonel Francisco Franco and Marshall Petain

Franco leads the Spanish Legion

The Bridegrooms of Death (Novios de la muerte)

Primo de Rivera

Founded the Falange Española

Falange Española

Supposedly a movement and not a party, neither of the Right or Left

Wanted to replace materialism (fatal flaw of capitalism and socialism) with idealism in the service of Nation and Church

Franco: Allows the Falange no autonomous power and subsumes it within an umbrella organization with traditional monarchists

Arrests and executes Primo de Rivera

After 1945, Falange becomes civic solidarity association with no real power

Francisco Franco

Wins civil war with help of Mussolini and Hitler

1939 - bloody repression that may have killed 200,000 people

Against democracy, liberalism, secularism, Marxism, Freemasonry

Signs Anti-Comintern (Communist International) pact with Hitler and Mussolini in 1939 (ensure to be on their side)

Never really does with Hitler wants, doesn't enter WWII

Rise of extremist parties

Explanations:

Economic factors, social cleavages, external influences (WWI), electoral systems (PR), institutional/cultural inheritances (social capital, culture, democracy length)