Bilingual Supplemental 164

Vocabulary and Terms to know

Cognitive and Academic Language Learning Approah (CALLA)

Teachers explicitly teach learning strategies and have students apply them to instructional tasks to increase CALP. This approach emphasizes integrating language development with content instruction, helping students develop both cognitive skills and academic language proficiency.

Transformational Grammar

A linguistic theory that suggests that all sentences have a deep structure behind them. It explains how different sentence forms can convey the same basic meaning.

Ex. Eric walked the dog. The dog was walked by Eric. Has Eric walked the dog?

Constructivist Approach

Based on the belief that humans construct knowledge and meaning from thier experiences. Activities are student-centeredand promote critical thinking, collaboration, and problem-solving.

Code Switching

The ability to change the way you communicate depending on what is appropriate for the situation.

Ex. “You” in the classroom. “U” in text messages.

Language Interference

Differences between a learners native language and the language being learned. Can cause confusion in the acquisition of a new language.

Direct Method/Oral Method/Natural Method

Immersion in the language; focus on oral communication.

Natural Order Hypothesis (Krashner’s 5)

There is a predictive, natural order/sequence for language acquisition.

Early Production

Stage of SLA in which the learner is listening and observing new information and collecting new words. The learner makes many errors

Notional Functional Syllabus

Input organized into notional categories. or real life situations in which people communicate, and are further broken down into functions.

Affective Domain

Emotional skills. Appropriate reactions to situations in the classroom.

Ex. Student calmly asks for help when they do not understand.

Syllable Awareness/Syllabication/Syllable Segmentation

The ability to hear individual parts/syllables of words.

Ex. Education has four syllables; Ed-u-ca-tion

Interrelatedness

Connections between L1 and L2. The more developed the learner’s first language is, the better the second language will develop.

Monitor Hypothesis (Krashner)

Learners edit thieir own language preformance. Use should be limited.

Scaffolding

A supportive teaching method that provides temporary assistance to students as they develop new skills or understand concepts, gradually removing support as learners gain independence.

Ex. I do, we do, you do.

Linguistic Domain

Attention is paid to the linguistic domain with annual, measurable objectives to grow one proficiency level each year, or until full potential is reached.

Word Order (Syntax)

The arrangement of words in a sentence, which affects meaning and grammatical structure, typically following specific rules of a language.

Ex. Subject, verb, objects and adverbial phrases. He went to the store yesterday.

Advanced Fluency

Stage of SLA in which the learner has reached a level of near-native proficiency.

Suffix

Letter or letters at the end of a root word that change its meaning.

Ex. s, es, ed, ing, ly, er, or, ion, tion, ment, ness, full, less, able.

Morphology

The study of the stucture of words, including affixes, roots, stems, and parts of speech.

Ex. Bicycles has 3 individual morphemes;

prefix-bi

stem-cycle

suffix-s

Phoneme Isolation

The ability to hear and recognize the individual sounds in words.

Ex. The first sound in dog? /d/

Total Response Signals (TRS)

A method of teaching that incorporates physical responses from students to reinforce learning and comprehension.

Ex. Raising a hand, clapping, or thumbs up

Multisensory Approach (VAKT)

A teaching method that integrates visual, auditory, kinesthetic (movement), and tactile activities to enhance learning and memory retention.

Comprehensible Input

Language input that is understandable to the learner, tailored to their proficiency level, and supports language acquisition.

Legally required to be provided to all ELLs under statute set by Lau vs. Nichols.

Rhyme Awareness/Rhyming

The ability first to hear words that rhyme an then to be able to produce rhymes.

Ex. blue/flew, pan/can

False Cognates

Words in two languages that appear similar but differ in meaning. For example, "actual" in English means "real" in Spanish, while "actual" in Spanish means "current."

Suggestopedia

A warm, relaxed, pleasant classroom environment that enhances learning. It uses music, art, and drama to lower anxiety and facilitate language acquisition.

Language Experience Approach (LEA)

Promotes reading and writing through the use of personal experiences and oral language. Materials are learner generated.

Informal Register

A casual way of speaking used with family and friends.

Circumlocution

A strategy used to describe or explain something by using more words than necessary, often to avoid using specific terms.

Phonics Approach

A method of teaching reading that emphasizes the relationship between letters and sounds. It involves teaching students to decode words by sounds.

Onset and Rime Production

The process of dividing a syllable into its onset, the initial consonant sound, and the rime, the vowel and any following consonants. This technique helps in phonological awareness during reading development.

Ex. cat: /c/ onset, /at/ rime

14th Amendment (1868)

Guarentees equal protection and due process. Foundation for education equity and language rights.

Mendez vs. Westmister (1947)

A landmark court case that declared segregation of Mexican-American children in California schools unconstitutional, leading to school desegregation.

Paved the way for Brown vs. Board

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Prohibited discrimination in federally funded programs. This landmark legislation aimed to end segregation and ensure equal rights for all individuals, particularly in education.

Bilingual Education Act (1968)

First federal support for bilingual programs. Recognized needs for English learners.

Casraneda vs. Pickard (1981)

Established the three prong test for EL programs.

1. Sound theory

2. Proper implementation

3. Proven effectivenes

Lau vs. Nichols (1974)

This ruling emphasized the obligation of schools to provide adequate support for English learners.

Romance Language

A group of languages derived from Latin, including Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian. Languages of the Western Roman Empire.

Graphic Organizer

A visual display of the relationship between facts and ideas.

Ex. Story maps, timelines, venn diagrams, K-W-L charts

Communicative Approach

Learning a language successfully comes through having to communicate real meaning. This approach emphasizes interaction and the use of language in context, rather than focusing solely on grammar and vocabulary.

Audiolinguism

An approach to language teaching that emphasizes listening and speaking through repetition and drills. It focuses on enhancing oral skills and grammatical structures by using audio aids. Based on the Behaviorism Theory.

Grammar Translation/Classical Approach

A method of language teaching that focuses on translating texts and learning grammar rules. It prioritizes reading and writing skills over speaking and listening.

Phoneme Substitution

The ability to substitute one phoneme for a different one.

Ex. Replace the first sound in bug with /r/ to create the word rug.

Phoneme Blending

The ability to blend two sounds to make a word

Ex. /b/ and /at/ make bat.

Natural Approach

Method of teaching ELLs based on Krashner’s language acquistion theory. Low anxiety, natural context for language with a goal of maximum comprehension. (BICS and CALP)

Acculturation

When one culture tajes on some of the cultural traits of another culture.

Ex. European countries adopted American trends after watching Hollywood movies.

Avoidance

An ELL avoids using difficult word and structures choosing similar words instead.

Ex. When asked what a koala eats the student says leaves instead of eucalyptus.

Phonological Awareness

The understanding and ability to hear individual words/syllables and sounds in spoken language, apart from print and the manipulation of these phonemes to create new sounds or words.

Phonemic Awareness/Sound Awareness

The ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words, which is essential for developing reading skills.

Ex. A student can hear that /b/ is the first sound in blue.

Phonology

The systematic organization of sounds in language.

Phonetics

The sounds of human speech. Phonetics = sounds

Phonics/Graphophonemic Principle

The relationship between sounds and their corresponding letters or groups of letters. Phonics is essential for decoding words in reading.

Root

The smallest unit or core of a word that carries meaning.

Ex. Form = shape; reform, conform, formulate

Zone of Proximal Development

The range of tasks a learner can do with the support of a teacher.

Language Function

The different uses of a particular language.

Ex. Advertisment - persuades. Play - entertains. Instruction - informs.

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency Skills (CALPS)

Formal, textbook language used in academic situations.

Language Acquisition

The process through which individuals learns a language.

Cognitive Code

Method of teaching ELLs a grammatical structure and they practice it.

Ex. Teacher teaches a language rule, provides clear examples in context and students practice using the rule in speaking and writing.

Morpheme

The smallest grammatical unit in a language that carries meaning. Morphemes can be words or parts of words, such as prefixes and suffixes that cannot be divided into smaller, grammatical parts.

Ex. write, cat, launch, box

Total Physical Response (TPR)

Based on the coordination of language and physical movement; students follow simple directions using controlled vocabulary.

Nativist Theory (Noam Chomsky)

Language depends on an innate biological mechanism called Language Acquisition Device (LAD) . Children are born with the ability to acquire language.

Orthography

Standards present in a language’s conventions.

Ex. spelling, capitalization, punctuation, emphasis.

Affective Filter Hypothesis (Krashners 5)

States that needs and emotional states affect language acquisition.

E. anxiety, self-esteem, attitude, motivation, classroom climate

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)

Casual, everyday langugage used in personal conversation.

Ex. playground, lunchroom, school bus, parties, playing sports, on the phone

Pragmatics

The study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning in language, including social rules and conventions that guide communication.

Critical Period Hypothesis

The theory that there is a specific window of time during which language acquisition occurs most easily and effectively, typically during early childhood.

Language acquisition should happen between ages two and puberty.

Direct Instruction

A teacher led approach to instruction in which the teacher provides information on a concept and is the sole expert.

Ex. lectures, demonstrations

Affix

A letter or letters that change a root words meaning.

Ex. prefixes and suffixes

Speech Emergence

The stage in language acquisition where a learner begins to speak in simple sentences and can communicate basic ideas, typically following the early production stage.

Silent Period/Pre-production

The initial stage of language acquisition where learners focus on listening and comprehension, often not producing speech but absorbing the new language.

The learner is silent, the period of time varies by learner.

Phoneme Deletion

The ability to recognize and understand a word or sounds that remain when a phoneme is removed.

Ex. what is bat without the /b/? at.

Word Awareness

Knowing that individual words make up a sentence.

Ex. A brown cat jumps over the car. - 7 words.

Oral Language

System that relates sounds to meanings through communicating by word of mouth. Includes speaking and listening skills vital for effective communication.

Semantics

Study of a word or symbol meaning.

Ex. Love - many different meanings in english. “Raining cats and dogs” - literal vs. figurative meaning.

Phoneme Segmentation

The ability to break down words into their individual sounds, as they say and count each sound.

Ex. /b/u/g/ = 3 sounds

Syntax

The set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, including word order and sentence formation.

Acquisition Learning Hypothesis (Krashners 5)

Acquisition occurs subconsiously from natural communication where the focus is on meaning.

Concept Attainment Model (Bruner)

Indirect instructional strategy that uses a structured inquiry process. Students learn concepts by investigating examples and non-examples to identify key attributes.

Input Hypothesis (Krashners 5)

Language is acquired through comprehensible input that is one step beyond thier current competence level.

Prefix

A letter or letters at the beggining of a root word that can change its meaning.

Ex. re, de, un

Phoneme Addition

The ability to make new words by adding a phoneme to an exisiting word.

Ex. at; /b/at, /c/at, /r/at

Cummins Quadrants

Model for categorizing language tasks based on cognitive demand and amount of context available.

Fossilization of Errors

An error hasn’t been fixed and has been cemented over time.

Frozen Register

A proper way of speaking that does not change over time.

Ex. The Pledge of Allegiance

Sheltered Instruction

Teachers intergrate language and content instruction in order to make content comprehensible.

Ex. Content and langauage objectives per lesson.

Cognates

Words in two langages that share a similar meaning, spelling and punctuation.

Ex. "información" in Spanish and "information" in English. “familia” in spanish and “family” in English.

Intermidiate Fluency

Stage of SLA in which the learner begins to communicate in full sentences and with increased vocabulary.

Affective Filter

Emotional influences on learning

Ex. Anxiety, attitude, inhibition, self-esteem

Borrowing (ELL)

Incorporation of linguistic material from one language to another

Shelteres Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP)

Instructional model used to make grade level content comprehensible while acquiring English language proficiency and developing academic language.

The Silent Way

The teacher is silent 90% of the time, encouraging natural language expression

Language Register

The degree of formality with which one speaks

Ex. formal or informal

Overgeneralization

The application of a grammar rule in a place where it doesn’t apply.

Ex. I brushed my “tooths” this morning.

Dysnomia

Difficulty recalling names or words needed for oral or written language.

Ex. A student can read a passage about early American History but cannot name the founding fathers when called to talk about it.

Phoneme

The smallesy individual sounds in a word.

Ex. cat /k/a/t/ = 3. bit b/i/t/ = 3.

Literacy Related Abilities

Skills having to do with reading and writing.

Ex. A student writing a response to a book read in class is demonstrating.

Phonetic Language

A language with consistent rules of pronunciation.

Ex. English is not a phonetic because there are many exceptions to commom pronunciation rules.