bio final

upper respiratory tract

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, oral cavity

lower respiratory tract

trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Mucocilliary elevator

process in which cillia continually move mucous and other debris from the lower respiratory tract to the oral cavity

goblet cells

secrete mucin that combines with water to create sticky mucus

common cold

The most frequent viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, 70 to 80% caused by rhinovirus

common cold symptoms

rhinitis, nasal obstruction, watery nasal discharges and malaise

viral sinusitis

Inflammation and congestion of the sinuses due to a viral infection (ex. RSV or parainfluenza) of the upper respiratory tract.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A highly contagious virus (RSV) that causes an infection of lower respiratory system.

influenza

flu virus

influenza type A

Virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and has infected humans, recently reaching a pandemic level with the H1N1 strain.

influenza type B

found primarily in humans and usually results in a milder illness, does not cause pandemics

influenza type C

mild flu, not associated with epidemics or pandemics

pathogenicity of influenza virus is dependent on three proteins

Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase, M2

Hemagglutinin (HA)

spikes used for attachment to host cells

Neuraminidase (NA)

spikes used to release virus from cell

M2

Releases viral genome into host cell cytoplasm

antigenic shift with influenza

Eight RNA segments of each flu genome will uncoat, Mix in the cytoplasm, Re-sort to form a new influenza virus containing a new form of the hemagglutinin gene

antigenic drift with influenza

Smaller mutations in the HA and NA genes

Covid 19

Disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Covid 19 symptoms

Fever, cough, fatigue, loss of taste, in extreme cases cytokine storm

croup

acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough caused by parainfluenza viruses 1 and 2

Acute Otis Media (AOM)

infection of the middle ear

otis media causes

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis

S.pneumoniae

has a multivalent polysaccharide vaccine to protect against

bacterial sinusitis

Inflammation and congestion of the paranasal sinuses caused by bacterial infection.

bacterial sinusitis symptoms

pressure behind the eyes, pain in the face, and foul-smelling nasal discharge or breath

pharyngitis

inflammation of the pharynx

tonsilitis

inflammation of the tonsils

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx

pertionsillar abscess

abscess in pharynx

strep throat

a sore throat caused by streptococcal bacteria

strep throat symptoms

Throat pain, difficulty swallowing, red and swollen tonsisls, swollen and tender lymph nodes in neck, Fever, headache, rash, fatigue

some strains of S.pyogenes produce

exotoxins (ex: Streptococcal pyogenic exotoxins), scarlet fever, strawberry tongue

rapid strep test

Immunoassay technology that is highly specific for S.pyogenes

acute rheumatic fever

sequalae of post streptococcal infections usually in young children which can damage heart, joints, skin, or nervous system

diptheria

infection causes by Corynebacterium diptheriae which is a gram positive rod

diptheria symptoms

sore throat, fever, neck-swelling, and pseudomembrane presence

diptheria treatment

antibiotics and antitoxin, a part of DTaP vaccine series

1900 San Fransisco Bubonic Plague Outbreak

plague that emerged in chinatown district in San Fransisco which fueled much racism and business leaders tried to cover up

bubonic plague

zoonotic disease caused by yersinia pestis (a gram negative bacteria)

bubonic plague symptoms

chills, fever, malaise, headache, muscle pain, seizure, swollen lymph glands

bubonic plague diagnosis

patients sample of blood, a piece of swollen lymph node, and sputum which is then all tested

whooping cough

highly contagious infection caused by Bordetella pertussis acquired by inhalation

catarrhal

inflammation of the mucus membrane, upper respiratory infection symptoms

paroxysmal

beginning suddenly or abruptly, cough then struggling to breath sounding like whooping noise

convalescent

paroxyms gradually disappear as recovering from illness

bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi, including productive cough

pneumonia

An inflammation of lung tissue, wherer the alveoli in the affected areas fill w/fluid

Atypical pneumonia

affect multiple organ systems, usually produce a normal WBC count, and produce symptoms that appear gradually, mimicking upper respiratory infections at the onset.

Typical pneumonia

caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

legionellosis

a form of atypical pneumonia that is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila

L. pneumophila

contaminates various water sources, ranging from lakes to the hot-water and air-conditioning distribution systems of large buildings

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

an atypical pneumonia from mycoplasma

Mycoplasma

bacteria that lack rigid cell wall and usually exist in filamentous form

Hospital Aquired Pneumonia

a type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital when a patient's defenses are impaired, usually Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease from mycobacterium tuberculosis that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs

multi drug resistant tuberculosis

A dangerous from of tuberculosis because the germs have become resistant to the effect of the primary TB drugs.

tubercules

small, round nodules that are produced in the lungs by the bacteria

latent tuberculosis

results when M. tuberculosis bacteria are phagocytized and effectively walled off within granulomas in the lungs.

Tuberculosis vaccine

BCG vaccine: live culture of avirulent M. bovis

Tuberculosis symptoms

productive cough, fatigue, fever, weight loss (older adults behavior changes, anorexia, weight loss) night sweats

Coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioides immitis, endemic in united states as valley fever

Histoplasmosis

infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, found in ohio and mississippi river valleys

Blastomycosis

Blastomyces dermatitidis (dimorphic fungus), found in Ohio and Mississippi river valleys along with eastern U.S.

cryptococcosis

cryptococcus neoformans, Fungal infection associated with AIDS. Involves brain and meninges, lungs, and skin

gastric mucosa

mucous membrane that lines the stomach

gastric pits

Gastric glands that release secretions into the stomach

dental plaque

a sticky film accumulating on the teeth that is formed by and harbors bacteria, begins as biofilm

dental carries

tooth decay

normal oral cavity flora

Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptococcus , Veillonella, Diphtheroid species

gingivitis

inflammation of the gums

periodental disease

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone, caused by: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis

Thrush (oral candidiasis)

candidiasis of mouth caused by candida albicans (yeast) characterized by white, creamy patches of exudate on inflamed oral mucosa and tongue

osmotic diarrhea

intestinal osmolarity is higher than internal osmolarity, causing water to leave the cells.

secretory diarrhea

increased ion secretion causes electrolytes to leave, leading to imbalance

inflamatory diarrhea

inflammatory cytokines damage mucosal cells and prevent absorption of nutrients and water. caused by: salmonella and shigella

motility-related diarrhea

food moves too quickly through the intestinal tract and nutrients are not absorbed. caused by: enterotoxins and rotavirus

gastritis

inflammation of the stomach lining

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

enteritis

inflammation of the small intestine

enterocolitis

inflammation of the colon and small intestine

colitis

inflammation of the colon

alcohol hepatitis

condition resulting from prolonged use of alcohol, in which the liver is inflamed; can be fatal

german measles

infection caused by rubella virus which can only infect humans

Congenital Rubella Syndrome

A form of birth defect that occurs when the mother becomes infected with the rubella virus in her first trimester

rubella pathogenesis

enters body through respiratory route, virus multiplies in nasopharynx, then enters bloodstream (causes sustained viremia), can cross placenta and infect fetus (causes Congenital Rubella Syndrome

rubella vaccine

MMR

spanish flu

Unprecedentedly lethal influenza epidemic of 1918 that killed more than 22 million people worldwide. influenza A, H1N1

spanish flu symptoms

Classic influenza symptoms, Very high fever, Cyanosis: Struggle for air until suffocation & Faces had a bluish cast, Sudden onset with dizziness, weakness and pain, Mucous membranes hemorrhaged in lungs (blood stained sputum)

Influenza Pathogenesis

Infection of respiratory epithelium; cells destroyed and virus released to infect other cells. Secondary bacterial infection results from damaged mucociliary escalator

rotavirus

Nonenveloped, segmented, dsRNA that is transmited through fecal oral route

rotavirus symptoms

diarrhea, fever, vomiting

rotavirus treatment

oral rehydration solutions or IV fluid replacement

norovirus

Nonenveloped, positive sense, ssRNA that is transmitted through fecal-oral route

norovirus symptoms

vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps

Hepatitis A

Infectious Hepatitis. Acute and short-lived, most people recover completely

Hepatitis B

Serum Hepatitis. Acute infection, many people recover completely. If chronic symptoms many not appear for many years while carrier could infect others

mumps

Paramyxovirus that is Single-stranded RNA virus

mumps symptoms

swollen parotid glands, some complications