Linguistics Midterm

What is phonology?

the study of sounds in language (think IPA)

What is Keith Basso known for?

He studied language among the Western Apache and talked about time-space, history, social activities, and oneself at different stages of life (the meaning behind words)

What is Bonnie Urciuoli known for?

she talked about Puerto Rican prejudice and how they will change their language to a more standardized version to fit in

What is multi functionality and the stages of it?

the different ways language can be used. Speaker, addressee, context, message, contact, code

What is indexicality the study of and who studied it?

the study of signs; de Saussure and pierce

How do languages and cultures emerge?

Dialogically (neither structure nor practice are prior to the other)

What are the branches of phonetics?

Articulatory, acoustic, and auditory

What are articulatory phonetics?

The way in which speech sounds are produced

What are acoustic phonetics?

The characteristics of the sounds produced

What are auditory phonetics?

How we process speech sounds to capture what is said and how it is pronounced?

What are the rules of the IPA

1. Each symbol should represent one sound only. 2. If two sounds can distinguish one word from another, they should be represented by different symbols. 3. If two sounds are very similar and their difference arises only from the context they are in, we should be able to represent that similarity

What are segments?

Vowels and consonants

What are the two ways consonants can be expressed?

Voiced or voiceless (vat vs fat)

What did Bahktin talk about for verbal interaction?

He discussed double voiced discourse which is mimicry to show someone else's voice

What did Goffman talk about for verbal interaction?

There are multiple roles for speaking which are the animator (the voice box), the author (the composer), the principal (the person representing it)

What are the research process steps?

Identify problem, evaluate the literature, create hypothesis, research design, describe population, data collection, data analysis, report findings

What is thick description?

description of interaction that includes the context and the interpretations

What was Franz Boas known for?

Disprove racism and the idea of "primitive" languages; all practices are equal

What did Sapir believe?

Linguistic relativity

What did Whorf believe?

Linguistic determinism

What is language in general?

Broadest level how having any language at all might influence thinking

What are linguistic structures?

How some specific structures might influence thinking or behavior

What is language use?

Question whether patterns of language use rather than language structure can have an impact on cognition

What are the problems for defining a speech community?

Defining the size and location of the community, determine what its members share, identifying the nature of interactions among its members

What are Gumperz rules to make a speech community valid?

Frequent communication, shared verbal repertoire, shared social norms

What were Mary Bucholtz's problems with the concept of speech community?

Makes language central, emphasis on consensus, only studies central people, focus on group at expense of individual, views identity as static, bias toward understanding one's practices

What must communities of practice have?

Mutual engagement, joint enterprise, a shared repertoire

What is diglossia?

When languages have different use