RIZAL

Republic Act 1425

Also known as the Rizal Law, which mandates the study of Rizal's life, works, and writings.

June 12, 1956

The date President Ramon Magsaysay signed the Rizal Law.

Senator Claro M. Recto

The main sponsor and author of the Rizal Bill.

Senator Jose P. Laurel

The co-sponsor who helped defend the Rizal Bill in the Senate.

The Catholic Church

The primary group that opposed the Rizal Bill, citing anti-clerical themes in Rizal's novels.

Compromise of RA 1425

Students may be exempted from reading the "unexpurgated" versions of the novels for religious reasons, but must still take the course.

Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo

The two novels specifically mandated by the Rizal Law to be read in schools.

June 19, 1861

The birth date of Jose Rizal in Calamba, Laguna.

Francisco Mercado

Rizal’s father, described as a wealthy and hardworking farmer.

Teodora Alonso

Rizal’s mother, his first teacher, and a woman of high culture and education.

7th

Rizal's rank among his 11 siblings.

Paciano Rizal

Rizal’s only brother and "second father" who guided and supported his studies in Europe.

Mercado

The family's original surname, which means "market."

Rizal

The surname Jose used to enroll at Ateneo to avoid being linked to Paciano and the Gomburza.

Capiz windows

The traditional shell windows used in the Rizal house for light and ventilation.

Saturnina

The eldest Rizal sibling.

Soledad

The youngest Rizal sibling

Teodora Formoso

The sister-in-law who accused Teodora Alonso of attempted poisoning, leading to her arrest.

2.5 years

The approximate time Teodora Alonso was imprisoned and forced to walk 50km as punishment.

Biñan

The place where Rizal had his first formal schooling outside Calamba.

Ateneo Municipal

The Jesuit-run school where Rizal earned his Bachelor of Arts with highest honors.

Roman Empire vs. Carthaginian Empire

The two groups in the Ateneo classroom system (Boarders vs. Non-boarders).

Emperor

The title given to the top student in the class at Ateneo.

Philosophy and Letters

Rizal’s first course at the University of Santo Tomas (UST).

Ophthalmology/Medicine

The course Rizal shifted to after his mother began losing her eyesight.

1882

The year Rizal first left the Philippines for Spain.

Circulo Hispano-Filipino

The organization of Filipino students in Madrid that Rizal joined.

Lodge Solidaridad

The Masonic lodge in Madrid where Rizal became a Master Mason in 1890.

Dr. Louis de Weckert

The French ophthalmologist Rizal assisted in Paris.

Dr. Otto Becker

The German professor Rizal worked with in Heidelberg.

La Solidaridad

The official newspaper of the Propaganda Movement where Rizal published his essays.

July 3, 1892

The date Rizal founded the socio-civic organization La Liga Filipina.

Pobres Frailes

The anti-friar leaflet allegedly found in Rizal's luggage, leading to his arrest.

Dapitan

The place in Mindanao where Rizal was exiled for four years.

Nationalism

A sense of loyalty and national consciousness that exalts one nation above others.

Patriotism

The act of defending or supporting one's country

Imagined Community

Benedict Anderson’s theory that a nation is a socially constructed community.

Primordial Theory

The theory that nationalism is innate and passed down genetically or through ancient kin.

Modernization Theory

The theory that nationalism emerged with industrialization and modern social conditions.

Instrumentalist Theory

The theory that elites use nationalism to manipulate the masses for their own interests.

Nation

A group of people sharing a common identity, language, and culture.

State

A political entity characterized by a government, territory, and sovereignty.

Education

The first pillar of Rizal’s blueprint

Racial Pride and Dignity

The second pillar

Re-orientation of Values

The third pillar

National Consciousness

The fourth pillar

Willingness to Sacrifice

The fifth pillar

Nationalism (George Orwell)

The habit of identifying oneself with a single nation and recognizing no other duty than that of advancing its interests and those of people with major commonalities.

Nationalism (Merriam-Webster)

Loyalty and commitment to a nation; a sense of national consciousness; exalting one nation above all others and promoting its culture/interests over others.

Core Focus of Nationalism

The development and maintenance of a national identity, including culture, language, literature, gender roles, race, arts, religion, and political goals.

Patriotism (Merriam-Webster)

Devoted support and defense of one’s country; national loyalty. Example: The Katipuneros defending the motherland for sovereignty.

Popular Nationalism

A form of nationalism characterized as being unvoiced, obedient, submissive, and often taken-for-granted.

True Nationalism (vs Popular)

Characterized by active loyalty, devotion, allegiance, and passion toward the nation or ethnic group.

Imagined Communities (Benedict Anderson)

A 1983 theory stating that a nation is a socially constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of a homogeneous group despite never meeting most of their fellows.

Characteristics of Anderson's "Nation"

A political community that is imagined as both limited (having boundaries) and sovereign (self-governing).

Gellner & Khon’s view

Nationalism is an "imagination of a nation" and a state of mind representing an individual's sense of loyalty to a given state.

Smith’s view (2013)

Nationalism is a concept describing a self-governing capacity.

Primordial and Socio-Biological Theory

The belief that nationalism is innate/inborn and simply needs to be re-awakened; it can be passed down genetically or through kin selection.

Instrumentalist Theory

The theory that elites, the bourgeoisie, or religious groups use nationalism to manipulate the masses' emotions for their own interests.

Modernisation Theory

The argument that nationalism is a product of modernity, emerging only with industrialization and specific political/social conditions.

Nation (Definition)

A group of people with a shared identity, language, culture, and heredity within a specific geographic boundary; focuses on the association of people.

State (Definition)

An association characterized by law, government, formal institutions, territorial boundaries, and sovereignty.

Rizal’s Observation (1882-1887)

During his travels, Rizal realized that the Philippines’ 300 years of subjugation were caused by a lack of national consciousness and poor education.

Education (Rizal’s Blueprint)

The primary tool for achieving freedom and realizing rights; it eradicates societal vices and develops awareness of culture and heritage.

Racial Pride and Dignity

The goal of restoring the self-belief of Filipinos who had been manipulated by colonial masters to doubt the oneness of their race.

Re-orientation of Values and Attitudes

The process of tracing roots and understanding one's past/identity to counter the colonial "divide and conquer" rule.

National Consciousness

The shift from individual priority to acting for the common good and the betterment of society as a whole.

Willingness to Sacrifice

The understanding that nation-building involves inevitable hardships and suffering, which serve as a bond to strengthen unity and independence.

Rizal’s Goal for the Philippines

To create an unchained people, a progressive society, and a nation free from colonial control through national unity and love for justice.