Unit 1 words (half)

Put one’s name down for something

[Phrasal verb]

1) to put someone’s name on a list so that they can take part in an activity, join an organization etc

2)put somebody down for £5/£20 etc especially British English to write someone’s name on a list with an amount of money that they have promised to give

(Бүртгүүлэх/ нэгэн зүйлд нэрээ өгөх)

Spacecraft (space·​craft)

[Noun]

a vehicle or device designed for travel or operation outside the earth's atmosphere

recruitment (re·​cruit·​ment)

[Noun]

the process of adding new individuals to a population or subpopulation (as of breeding or legally catchable individuals) by growth, reproduction, immigration, and stocking

(Элсэлт, элсүүлэх, шинээр ажилд авах)

Mega

[Adjective)

1)of the highest level of rank, excellence, or importance

2) Million

(Асар-)

privilege (priv·​i·​lege)

[Noun] [verb=_, privileged; privileging]

1): a right, exemption, or immunity granted as a particular benefit, advantage, or favor : prerogative

especially : one attached specifically to a position or an office

attorney-client privilege

2): a right or benefit given to some people but not others

3): the advantage that wealthy and powerful people have over other people in a society

4): a special opportunity to do something that causes a feeling of pride

Example)

Education is a right, not a privilege -Боловсрол бол давуу эрх биш, суурь эрх юм

I had the privilege of knowing your grandfather.

The prisoner's exercise privileges were taken away. [=the prisoner was no longer allowed to exercise]

(Онцгой давуу эрх/ эрх ямба)

a number of

phrase

more than two but fewer than many : several

(Нэлээд хэдэн)

The number of

[Phrase]

a specific total count

or exact quantity of a group

(Тоо ширхэг)

fantasy (fan·​ta·​sy)

[Noun, Adjective, verb =_, fantasied; fantasying; fantasies]

1

: the power or process of creating especially unrealistic or improbable mental images in response to psychological need

an object of fantasy

also : a mental image or a series of mental images (such as a daydream) so created

sexual fantasies

2

: a creation of the imagination: such as

a

: an idea that is far removed from reality : a chimerical or fantastic notion

His plans are pure fantasy.

b

: imaginative fiction featuring especially strange settings and grotesque characters

spent the summer reading fantasy

called also fantasy fiction

c

: fantasia sense 1

the organ fantasy of Johannes Brahms

d

: a fanciful design or invention

a fantasy of delicate tracery

3

: fancy

especially : the free play of creative imagination

4

: caprice

served to fulfill the king's fantasies

5

: a coin usually not intended for circulation as currency and often issued by a dubious authority (such as a government-in-exile) —often attributive

before long

[adverb]

in the near future : soon

Example) Someone lit a match, and before long, the whole thing was in flames.

(Нэг л мэдэхэд/ удалгүй)

Object to something/ Ving

[Collocations]

to feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone:

Ex) His mother objects to his tattoos.

Some people object to the teaching of religion in schools.

(Эсэргүүцэх)

be crowded with something

[Phrasal verb]

a place or thing is completely full of a large

number of people or objects, leaving very

little extra space

His desk was crowded with old papers." (The desk has too many things on it.)

The zoo was crowded with kids on a school trip.

(Нэг зүйл их, дүүрэн /…р шахцалдсан)

stationary (sta·​tion·​ary

[adjective

1) fixed in a station, course, or mode : immobile

2)

: unchanging in condition

a stationary population

ex) a stationary bicycle is good for exercise, but you won't enjoy the scenery very much

Try to swim through the snow, while avoiding stationary things like trees and rocks.

(Хөдөлгөөнгүй, зогсонги)

frontier

noun

fron·​tier

1

a)

: a border between two countries

the frontier between Canada and the U.S.

b)

obsolete : a stronghold on a frontier

2

a)

: a region that forms the margin of settled or developed territory

an expedition to explore the western frontier

b)

: the farthermost limits of knowledge or achievement in a particular subject

frontiers in immunology

c)

: a line of division between different or opposed things

… the frontiers separating science and the humanities …

—R. W. Clark

d)

: a new field for exploitative or developmental activity

… the brain lies before us as one of the last scientific frontiers here on earth.

—Robert Klitzman

(Хил хязгаар, хил, судлаагүй газар)

"reaction to something"

Noun phrase

what you feel, say, do,

or experience as a direct

result of an event, action

or stimulus.

His reaction to the surprise party was pure joy.

The new law caused a big reaction from the public.

(Хариу үйлдэл, урвал)

enterprise

noun

en·​ter·​prise

1)

: a project or undertaking that is especially difficult, complicated, or risky

2a)

: a unit of economic organization or activity

especially : a business organization

b)

: a systematic purposeful activity

agriculture is the main economic enterprise among these people

3)

: readiness to engage in daring or difficult action : initiative

showed great enterprise in dealing with the crisis

Ex) When he purchased the company it was a thriving commercial enterprise.

He was criticized for his lack of enterprise in dealing with the crisis.

(Санаачилга, оролдлого, салбар, аж ахуй, төсөл)

state the purpose of something

[verb-noun collocation

means to clearly explain or write down the main

reason why an object exists, why an action

is done, or what a document or tool is

meant to achieve.

• For Projects or Documents:

"The first paragraph of your proposal must clearly state the purpose of your research."

• For Meetings:

"Before we begin, let me state the purpose of today's emergency meeting."

• For Rules or Laws:

"The sign at the entrance fails to state the purpose of the new safety restrictions."

• For Everyday Situations:

"She refused to state her purpose for visiting the office unannounced."

(Нэг зүйлийн зорилгыг хэлэх/ тодорхойлох)

compassionate. (com·​pas·​sion·​ate)

[adjective/ verb_, compassionated; compassionating]

[adverb=compassionately

noun=compassionateness ]

1

: having or showing compassion : sympathetic

a compassionate friend

a compassionate smile

2

: granted because of unusual distressing circumstances affecting an individual —used of some military privileges (such as leave)

The soldier was granted compassionate leave following the death of his father.

:pity

… even compassionating those who hold in bondage their fellow men …

—John Quincy Adams

Ex) a gentle soul who could compassionate even the most reprobate of scoundrels and villains

a compassionate smile made the refugees feel a little better

(Хүн ойлгодог, энэрэнгүй, өрөвч)

typecast

[verb=_, typecast; typecasting

noun: typecasting]

type·​cast

1

: to cast (an actor) in a part calling for the same characteristics as those possessed by the performer

2

: to cast (an actor) repeatedly in the same type of role

Ex)Her television work typecast her as a helpless victim.

Brosnan doesn't want his painting to be typecast, and so his art is all over the place.

(Нэг л дүрээр хүмүүст танигдсан байгаа)

refer to someone/something

phrasal verb

to talk or write about someone or something, especially in only a few words:

In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays.

refer to someone/something as something He always refers to the house as his "refuge".

If writing or information refers to someone or something, it relates to that person or thing:

The new salary scale only refers to company managers and directors.

(Дурдах, эг татах, холбогдох)

first officer

noun

the second-in-command of an aircraft or ship. They share flying, navigation, and communication duties with the captain and take full command if the captain becomes unable to fly.

The captain's conduct is accepted by the first officer as unproblematic

(Онгоцны туслах нисгэгч)

civilization

noun

civ·​i·​li·​za·​tion

1

a

: a relatively high level of cultural and technological development

specifically : the stage of cultural development at which writing and the keeping of written records is attained

b

: the beliefs, customs, arts, etc. characteristic of a particular time or place : culture entry 1 sense 1a

^the impact of European civilization on the lands they colonized

also, pluralcivilizations : a well-organized and developed society : culture entry 1 sense 1b

^ancient/modern civilizations

^a history of Mayan/Babylonian/Chinese civilization

2

: the process of becoming civilized

^civilization is a slow process with many failures and setbacks

3

a

: refinement of thought, manners, or taste

^exhibiting a high level of civilization

b

: a situation of urban comfort

^Our camping trip was quite interesting, but it was great to get back to civilization.

^^We are studying ancient Greek civilization.

a book about life on the planet after wars have destroyed civilization

(Соёл иргэншил)

boldly

adverb

bold·​ly

in a brave and confident way, without showing any fear:

^He advanced boldly and knocked on the door.

^His secretary boldly asks, "Aren't you going to ask me out for dinner?"

(Эр зоригтойгоор, болчимгүйгээр)

rerun

verb

re·​run

:to run again or anew

:the act or action or an instance of rerunning : repetition

especially : a movie or television show that is rerun

^Last week's show is being rerun tomorrow night.

She spent her vacation watching summer reruns.

(давтаж үзүүлэх)

have a shaky start

:to begin a project, relationship, or event with problems, instability, or poor performance

Present Tense (General/Ongoing): Use has for he/she/it; use have for I/you/we/they.

Example: The new company has a shaky start.

Past Tense (Completed events): Use had for all subjects.

Example: Our vacation had a shaky start.

Continuous Tense (Currently happening): Use is/are having.

Example: The project is having a shaky start.

• Common Examples

Sports: The team had a shaky start but won the game.

Business: The new product launch is having a shaky start due to shipping delays.

Relationships: They had a shaky start, but now they are happily married.

+ Alternative Phrases

If you want to vary your vocabulary, you can use these synonyms:

A rocky start (very common)

A rough beginning

Teething problems (mostly for new businesses or systems)

Off to a bad start

^^After a shaky start, they soon became best friends.

After a shaky start for a few issues, the magazine rapidly grew in popularity.

(Хэцүүхэн эхлэл, цаашид яах нь мэдэгдэхгүй байх)

cult

[noun =cultishness ,cultism

adverb= cultishly

[adjective= cultic, cultish cultlike

1)

: a group (such as an organization or religious sect) with tenets and practices regarded as coercive, insular, or dangerous

… cults use indoctrination methods that "program" beliefs through hypnosis, repetition, and behavior modification techniques …

—Steven A. Hassan

^^People alive in the 1980s and 1990s might remember the public fear that satanic cults were abusing and sacrificing children.

—H. Colleen Sinclair

… their beliefs and behavior become increasingly unusual, leading outside observers to describe the group as a cult.

—Steven Monacelli

*—often used before another noun

^a cult leader

2

a)

: great devotion to a person, idea, object, movement, or work (such as a film or book)

^^They criticized how the media promotes the cult of celebrity.

Debating ideas will get us farther than covering the cult of personality.

—Johanna Maska, quoted in Time

b

: the object of such devotion

^^Like many professional athletes, he became a cult of sorts …

—Roger Barbee

*—often used before another noun

^^a cult classic

As perfume skyrocketed, certain fragrances assumed cult status …

—Jacqueline Kilikita

c)

: a group of people characterized by such devotion

^^the singer's cult of fans

a cult of admirers

*—often used before another noun

^^Specializing in artisanal popsicles, this colorful spot has since built a cult following.

—Michelle Matthews

3)

: a system of religious beliefs and rituals

also : its body of adherents

^^the cult of Dionysus

an ancient fertility cult

In ancient Egypt, temples dedicated to specific religious cults or gods functioned as lucrative businesses.

—Kate McMahon

4

: formal religious veneration : worship

5

: a system for the cure of disease based on dogma set forth by its promulgator

^^health cults

(Шашны бүлэг)

cult following

noun

a group of people who admire someone or something a lot :

^^When the series started last year it quickly drew a cult following.

The information minister gained a cult following for his daily press conferences.

(Галзуу шүтэн бишрэгчид)

set up a fan club

verb phrase

to create an

organized group or community for people

who share a strong admiration for a

specific celebrity, music band, sports team,

or online content creator.

Structural Examples

• As a predicate: "They set up a fan club last week."

• As an infinitive phrase: "She wants to set up a fan club for the actor."

• As a gerund phrase (noun role): "Setting up a fan club takes a lot of time."

(Фен клуб үүсгэн байгуулах)

​coin a term / phrase

[idiom / verb phrase; past: coined, present participle: coining]

coin a term /kɔɪn ə tɜːrm/

Сэжүүр:

Shakespeare ________ many words and expressions that we still use in modern English today.

1 : to invent a brand new word or phrase and use it for the very first time

​• Collocations: Coin a phrase, coin a new term, originally coined by

​• Examples:

​Shakespeare coined many terms that are still widely used in modern English.

​The expression "user-friendly" was coined in the late 20th century.

​Who originally coined the phrase "social distancing"?

​Tech journalists coined the term "podcasting" back in 2004.

​Scientists needed to coin a new word to describe this newly discovered phenomenon.

​(Шинэ үг эсвэл хэллэгийг анх удаа санаачилж зохиох, хэрэглээнд оруулах)

federation

[noun]

fed·er·a·tion /ˌfedəˈreɪʃən/

​Сэжүүр:

The Russian ________ is made up of multiple regional territories under one central government.

1 : a group of states or regions joined together under a central government

2 : an organization formed by combining multiple smaller organizations or clubs

​• Collocations: Form a federation, national federation, international federation, regional federation

​• Examples:

​The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world by land area.

​The International Tennis Federation organizes major tournaments worldwide.

​Several independent trade unions joined together to form a powerful national federation.

​The sports federation voted unanimously to approve the new regulations.

​The country is governed as a federal federation of states.

​(Холбооны улс; байгууллага болон клубуудын нэгдсэн холбоо)

subculture

[noun]

sub·cul·ture /ˈsʌbˌkʌltʃər/

​Сэжүүр:

Goth fashion and music are well-known examples of an urban youth ________.

1 : a distinct cultural group within a larger society with its own beliefs, behavior, and interests

​• Collocations: Youth subculture, underground subculture, drug subculture, gaming subculture

​• Examples:

​Youth subcultures often create their own unique fashion styles and slang.

​The drug subculture of the inner city presents major social and health problems.

​The gaming subculture has grown into a massive global community over the years.

​Hippies formed a prominent subculture during the 1960s.

​Anime fans have built a rich online subculture centered around artwork and discussion.

​(Нийгмийн тодорхой дэд соёл, тусгай бүлгийн соёл ба зан үйл)

depict

[verb]

de·pict /dɪˈpɪkt/

​Сэжүүр:

The ancient painting on the wall ________ a fierce battle between two historical armies.

Definition

1 : to show or represent someone or something in a picture, painting, or sculpture

2 : to describe someone or something in writing or speech

​• Collocations: Depict somebody/something as, vividly depict, accurately depict

​• Examples:

​The painting depicts a peaceful village scene at sunset.

​The ancient god is depicted as a winged lion with a human head.

​The novel vividly depicts the harsh realities of working-class life.

​Advertisements often depict family life as completely flawless and happy.

​The film depicts the historic event with impressive historical accuracy.

​(Дүрслэн харуулах, зураглан илэрхийлэх, бичих эсвэл яриагаар дүрслэх)

fleet

[noun / adjective]

fleet /fliːt/

​Сэжүүр:

The logistics company manages a large ________ of trucks to transport goods daily.

Definition

1 : a group of ships, aircraft, or vehicles controlled by one organization

2 : [adjective] fast or quick in movement

​• Collocations: Fleet of taxis, fleet of trucks, naval fleet, fleet of foot

​• Examples:

​The company operates a large fleet of delivery trucks across the region.

​The naval fleet anchored safely near the harbor overnight.

​The airline expanded its flight routes with a brand new fleet of aircraft.

​Atalanta was legendary in mythology for being fleet of foot (=able to run very fast).

​Deer are extremely fleet creatures, making them difficult for predators to catch.

​(Тээврийн хэрэгсэл/хөлөг онгоцны флот, цуваа; [тэмдэг нэр] хурдан шаламгай)

racism

[noun]

ra·cism /ˈreɪsɪzəm/

​Сэжүүр:

The government introduced new policies to fight systemic ________ in public schools.

Definition

1 : unfair treatment of or violence against people based on their race or ethnicity

2 : the belief that one race is superior or inferior to another

​• Collocations: Fight against racism, systemic racism, institutional racism, victim of racism

​• Examples:

​The government promised to step up efforts to eliminate racism in schools.

​They organized a peaceful protest march to stand against systemic racism.

​Discriminatory hiring practices are a clear and illegal example of racism.

​Education plays a crucial role in reducing racism and promoting racial equality.

​Many athletes have spoken out publicly against racism in professional sports.

​(Арьсны өнгө болон үндэс угсаагаар ялгаварлан гадуурхах үзэл)

sexism

[noun]

sex·ism /ˈseksɪzəm/

​Сэжүүр:

Assuming women cannot hold corporate leadership positions is a clear sign of ________.

Definition

1 : unfair treatment of people (especially women) based on their gender

2 : the belief that one gender is weaker, less capable, or less important

​• Collocations: Experience sexism, sexism in the workplace, combat sexism, institutional sexism

​• Examples:

​She lodged a formal complaint about gender bias and sexism in the workplace.

​The company launched a new policy to strictly combat sexism and harassment.

​Making derogatory remarks about female colleagues is a direct form of sexism.

​Many female scientists historically faced severe sexism in academic circles.

​The campaign aims to raise awareness about subtle forms of sexism in media.

​(Хүйсээр ялгаварлан гадуурхах үзэл)

option

[noun]

op·tion /ˈɑːpʃn/

​Сэжүүр:

If you cannot afford to purchase a house right now, renting is a very sensible ________.

Definition

1 : a choice you can make in a particular situation

2 : an additional feature or software setting available to select

3 : the financial right to buy or sell assets at a set price in the future

​• Collocations: Have no option but to, keep your options open, soft option, viable option

​• Examples:

​Renting an apartment might be a better option than buying one right now.

​Select the print option directly from the main dropdown menu.

​When the storm hit suddenly, we had no option but to cancel the event.

​Leather seats are offered as an optional option on this luxury vehicle.

​She wants to go to university, but she is keeping her options open for now.

​Trading stock options involves a high level of financial risk.

​(Сонголт; программын эсвэл бүтээгдэхүүний нэмэлт тоноглол/сонголт; санхүүгийн опцион)

clash with

[phrasal verb]

clash with /klæʃ wɪð/

​Сэжүүр:

I cannot attend your party because it ________ my brother's wedding on Saturday.

Definition

1 : to fight, argue, or disagree strongly with someone

2 : to happen at the exact same inconvenient time

3 : to look bad or ugly together (colors/patterns)

​• Collocations: Clash with police, clash with schedule, clash with personality, clash with colors

​• Examples:

​Protesters clashed with riot police outside the government building.

​Her birthday party clashes with my brother's wedding, so I cannot attend.

​That bright green tie badly clashes with your purple shirt.

​His aggressive management style frequently clashes with team members.

​The new policy clashes with established constitutional rights.

​(Мөргөлдөх, сөргөлдөх; [цаг хугацаа] давхцах; [өнгө/дизайн] авцалдахгүй харшлах)

coolly logical

[adjective phrase]

cool·ly log·i·cal /ˈkuːlli ˈlɑːdʒɪkl/

​Сэжүүр:

During high-pressure emergencies, she stays ________ and makes decisions using pure facts.

Definition

1 : thinking or making decisions with strict reason, completely untouched by panic, anger, or emotion

​• Collocations: Coolly logical approach, coolly logical mind, coolly logical thinker

​• Examples:

​He remained coolly logical during the emergency and solved the issue step by step.

​Her coolly logical approach to business protected the firm from bad investments.

​Instead of getting panicky, she gave a coolly logical explanation of the problem.

​Detectives must maintain a coolly logical mindset while examining crime scenes.

​His coolly logical arguments easily persuaded the skeptical jury.

​(Сэтгэл хөдлөлд автахгүйгээр, туйлын тайван, логик үндэслэлтэй сэтгэж буй)

sarcastic

[adjective]

sar·cas·tic /sɑːrˈkæstɪk/

​Сэжүүр:

"Oh, brilliant job dropping the entire tray!" he said in a ________ tone.

​Definition

1 : saying the opposite of what you mean in order to mock, annoy, or make a sharp joke

​• Collocations: Sarcastic comment, sarcastic remark, sarcastic smile, sarcastic tone

​• Examples:

​"Oh, fantastic job!" he said with a sarcastic smile after I spilled my coffee.

​She is well known for her witty and sarcastic sense of humor.

​Please avoid making sarcastic comments during serious workplace meetings.

​His sarcastic tone made it obvious that he was not actually complimenting us.

​The audience responded with a round of sarcastic applause when the speaker failed.

​(Егөөтэй, даажигнасан, тохуурхсан шинжтэй)

modest

[adjective]

mod·est /ˈmɑːdɪst/

​Сэжүүр:

Despite winning a Nobel prize, the scientist remained remarkably ________ about his success.

Definition

1 : not proud or boastful about achievements or abilities

2 : small, moderate, or reasonable in size, amount, or price

3 : shy or proper about covering one's body

​• Collocations: Modest increase, modest house, modest about, modest clothing

​• Examples:

​He was surprisingly modest about his key role in the successful expedition.

​They bought a modest house with a small garden on the outskirts of town.

​The tech startup reported a modest increase in profit this quarter.

​She wore a modest dress that covered her shoulders to the official ceremony.

​Despite his enormous fortune, he lives a very modest lifestyle.

​(Даруу зантай; хэмжээ/үнийн хувьд тохиромжтой, багагүй; биеэ далдлан хувцасласан)

aeronautics

[noun]

aer·o·nau·tics /ˌerəˈnɔːtɪks/

​Сэжүүр:

Students majoring in ________ spend years studying how to design and build airplanes.

Definition

1 : the science or engineering practice of designing, manufacturing, and flying aircraft

​• Collocations: Aeronautics industry, aeronautical engineering, aeronautics research

​• Examples:

​The Wright brothers spent their whole lives fascinated by aeronautics.

​Modern aeronautics relies heavily on advanced computer simulations and lightweight materials.

​She decided to pursue a specialized degree in aeronautical engineering.

​The nation's space agency conducts groundbreaking research in both astronomy and aeronautics.

​Advances in aeronautics have made air travel faster, safer, and far more energy-efficient.

​(Агаарын навигаци, нисэхийн шинжлэх ухаан; Нисэх онгоцны инженерийн салбар)