Motivation Theories (Chapter 9)

What is the definition of motivation?

An inner drive that directs a person’s behavior toward goals.

What are the two types of motivation?

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation.

What is intrinsic motivation?

Motivation that comes from within, driven by personal satisfaction or the value of the task.

What is extrinsic motivation?

Motivation that comes from external factors such as rewards, punishment, or pressure.

Who created the Hierarchy of Needs theory?

Dr. Abraham Maslow.

What are the five levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Physiological, Safety/Security, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization.

What does Maslow’s theory suggest about motivation?

A person must satisfy lower-level needs before being motivated by higher-level needs.

Who developed Theory X and Theory Y?

Dr. Douglas McGregor.

What is Theory X?

The belief that people dislike work, need control, and prefer to avoid responsibility.

What is Theory Y?

The belief that people enjoy work, seek responsibility, and are self-motivated.

What is Theory Z and who created it?

Dr. William Ouchi's theory focusing on long-term employment, teamwork, and a culture of wellbeing.

What are characteristics of Theory Z managers?

Promote shared values, encourage group consensus, prioritize employee wellbeing and feedback.

What is Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?

Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different sets of factors: hygiene and motivation.

What are hygiene factors?

Conditions that, if inadequate, cause dissatisfaction (e.g., pay, job security, work conditions).

What are motivation factors?

Factors that increase job satisfaction (e.g., achievement, recognition, responsibility).

What is Equity Theory and who developed it?

Dr. John Stacey Adams' theory that motivation is based on fairness between input and output.

What is the core idea of Equity Theory?

Employees compare their job inputs and outcomes with others to assess fairness.

What is Expectancy Theory and who proposed it?

Dr. Victor Vroom's theory that motivation is based on effort leading to performance, which leads to desired outcomes.

What are the three components of Expectancy Theory?

Expectancy (effort leads to performance), Instrumentality (performance leads to reward), Valence (value of the reward).