Statistics and Testing Concepts

These flashcards cover key statistical concepts, testing errors, chi-square tests, and specific statistical laws applicable in research.

File Drawer Effect

The phenomenon where non-significant or uninteresting results are not published.

Central Limit Theorem

States that the sampling distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution as the sample size increases.

Type I Error

The error made when rejecting the null hypothesis (Ho) when it is actually true, represented by the probability α.

Type II Error

The error made when failing to reject the null hypothesis (Ho) when it is false, represented by the probability β.

Power of a Test

The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.

Benford's Law

A law describing the distribution of first digits in many real-life sources of data.

Chi-Square Test

A statistical test used to determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables.

Odds Ratio

A measure of association between an exposure and an outcome; it compares the odds of the outcome in the exposure group to the odds in the non-exposure group.

Gamma

A measure of association for ordinal data that reflects the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Goodness of Fit Test

A chi-square test that determines if observed frequencies differ from expected frequencies under a specific hypothesis.

Shapiro-Wilk Test

A test for normality that assesses whether a given sample comes from a normally distributed population.