Human Anatomy, Physiology, Cell Biology, and Cell Division Flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering basic human anatomy and physiology, cell structure and organelles, and cell division processes.

The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts is known as __________.

anatomy

__________ is defined as the study of how the body and its parts work or function.

Physiology

The six levels of structural organization in the human body are atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and __________.

organisms

The __________ system forms the external body covering, synthesizes vitamin D, and protects deeper tissues from injury.

integumentary

Blood cell formation occurs within the bones of the __________ system.

skeletal

The __________ system is a fast-acting control system that responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

nervous

Chemical molecules secreted into the blood by endocrine glands to regulate processes such as growth and reproduction are called __________.

hormones

The lymphatic system complements the cardiovascular system by returning leaked fluids back to the __________.

bloodstream

Gaseous exchanges between the atmosphere and blood occur through the walls of the air sacs in the lungs within the __________ system.

respiratory

The urinary system eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes and regulates the water, electrolyte, and __________ balance of the blood.

acid-base

Water accounts for __________ to __________ percent of total body weight, making it the most abundant chemical in the human body.

60; 80

Normal human body temperature is maintained at approximately $37^\circ\text{Celsius}$ or __________ degrees Fahrenheit.

98.6

In the standard anatomical position, the body stands erect with feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides, and palms facing __________.

forward

The directional term __________ means toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body.

superior

In human anatomy, the term __________ is synonymous with anterior, referring to the front of the body.

ventral

A body plane that divides the body or an organ into equal left and right parts is called a __________ section.

midsagittal

A __________ section divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts.

transverse

The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into the cranial cavity and the __________ cavity.

spinal

The central region of the thoracic cavity that houses the heart, trachea, and other organs is called the __________.

mediastinum

In a homeostatic control system, information flows from the receptor to the control center along an __________ pathway.

afferent

Homeostatic control mechanisms that shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity are classified as __________ feedback.

negative

Cells are measured in metric units called __________.

micrometers

Cells that have developed specialized characteristics are described as __________.

differentiated

The three major parts of a composite cell are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and __________.

nucleus

The cell membrane framework consists of a __________ bilayer with water-soluble heads and water-insoluble tails.

phospholipid

Abnormal chloride channels cause __________, which results in the production of thick mucus that clogs the lungs and pancreas.

cystic fibrosis

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm in which organelles are suspended is called __________.

cytosol

Ribosomes are composed of protein and __________ and function to synthesize proteins.

RNA

Unlike rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and conducts __________ synthesis.

lipid

The __________ apparatus is composed of stacks of flattened membranous sacs that refine, package, and deliver proteins.

Golgi

Mitochondria extract energy from nutrients during cellular respiration to produce energy molecules called __________.

ATP

Membranous sacs containing enzymes that digest debris, worn out cell parts, and foreign matter are called __________.

lysosomes

Microfilaments in the cytoskeleton are composed of tiny rods of the protein __________.

actin

Microtubules in the cytoskeleton are composed of the protein __________.

tubulin

The tail of a __________ cell represents the only flagellum found in human biology.

sperm

Tiny extensions of the cell membrane composed of actin that function to increase surface area for absorption are called __________.

microvilli

The dense body of RNA and protein inside the nucleus where ribosomes are produced is called the __________.

nucleolus

During the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs specifically during the __________ phase of interphase.

S

During the __________ phase of mitosis, spindle fibers align chromosomes midway between the centrioles along the equator.

metaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell during the __________ phase of mitosis.

anaphase

Division of the cytoplasm is known as __________ and begins during anaphase.

cytokinesis

Chromosome tips that shorten with each cell division and serve as a mitotic clock are called __________.

telomeres

The phenomenon in which healthy cells stop dividing when they become crowded is known as __________ inhibition.

contact

A __________ tumor is invasive, cancerous, and capable of spreading or metastasizing.

malignant

Abnormal forms of genes that control the cell cycle and cause cancer when overexpressed are called __________.

oncogenes

A partially specialized daughter cell of a stem cell that is committed to producing a restricted number of cell types is a __________ cell.

progenitor

Programmed cell death that naturally occurs during normal fetal development is called __________.

apoptosis

Uncontrolled cell death resulting from injury or cellular damage is known as __________.

necrosis