Medical Terminology Test 3 (Chapters 4-6)

Pulmon/o-

Lung

-logy

Study of

Pulmonology

The medical specialty that studies the respiratory system.

Upper Respiratory System

Nasal Cavity; Nostril; Larynx; Oral Cavity; Pharynx

Lower Respiratory System

Trachea; Right Lung; Left Lung; Parietal Pleura; Left Main (Primary) Bronchus; Bronchi; Alveoli; Diaphragm

The Nasal Cavity

The cavity within the nose that is separated by the septum.

Pharynx

The Throat

Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

A bacterial or viral infection of the upper respiratory tract; a head cold

Abnormal Breath Sounds (BS)

Lung sounds that are different from normal may indicate a lung disease or condition.

Normal Breath Sounds

Sounds like a soft wind tunnel.

Pleural Friction Rub Breath Sounds

Sounds like creaking or grating, due to inflammation of the pleura.

Crackles/Rales Breath Sounds

Sounds like irregular crackling or bubbling, due to fluid or infection of the alveoli.

Rhonchi Breath Sounds

Sounds like humming, whistling, or snoring due to mucus or a foreign-body obstruction.

Stridor Breath Sounds

Sounds like high-pitched crowing, due to edema or obstruction.

Wheezes Breath Sounds

Sounds like high-pitched whistling or squeaking, due to an asthma attack or reaction.

Cough

A protective mechanism to forcefully expel things from the lungs.

Expectoration

Coughing up sputum.

Ex-

Away from

Pector/o-

Chest

-ation

process

Hemoptysis

Coughing up sputum that contains blood.

-ptysis

A condition of coughing up.

Legionnaires’ Disease

Severe, sometimes fatal bacterial infection; starts with flu-like symptoms and progresses to severe pneumonia and liver and kidney degradation.

Influenza

Respiratory infection caused by a virus.

Tuberculosis (TB)

A communicable disease that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes nodules in the lungs. Creates a waxy coating that makes bacterium resistant.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Severe, communicable viral illness that can be fatal; associated with close contact and enclosed spaces.

Pneumonia

Infection of lobes of the lungs; fluid, and microorganisms fill passages.

Pneum/o-

Lung; air

-ia

Condition; State

Aspir/o-

To breath in

Empyema

Localized pus in the lung due to a bacterial infection.

Em-

In

Py/o-

Pus

-ema

Condition

Pulmonary Edema

Build up of fluid in the alveoli caused by left-sided heart failure, chest wall trauma, or pneumonia.

Pulmonary Embolism

Traveling clot or fat globule that lodges in the lung, blocking blood flow and causing SOB; often occurs in patients on bedrest.

Embol/o-

Occluding Plug

-ism

From a specific cause

Reactive Airway Disease

Blanket term for condition with reversible airway narrowing and wheezing.

Asthma

Hyperactivity of the bronchi or bronchioles to an allergen or inhaled, excess mucus production, and bronchospasm. Causes inflammation , excess mucus production, and bronchospasm.

Asthma (Derived From)

to breath hard

Bronchiectasis

Permanent enlargement and loss of elasticity in the bronchioles; allows secretions to accumulate.

Bronchi/o-

Bronchus

-ectasis

Condition of Dilation

Bronchitis

Acute or chronic infection or inflammation of the bronchi.

• Acute bronchitis is due to infection.

• Chronic infection is due to smoking or pollution.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Any type of chronic obstructive lung disease, including bronchitis and emphysema. Characterized by chronic inflammation, severe coughing, SOB, and sputum production.

SOB

Shortness of Breath

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Inherited condition caused by a recessive gene; causes problems with respiratory, digestive, and sweat secretions. Characterized by secreted mucus being too thick and blocking the alveoli, constant coughing and bronchiectasis, and chronic lung injections and loss of oxygen.

Cyst/o-

Bladder

Fibr/o-

Fiber

-osis

Abnormal Condition

Occupational Lung Diseases

Group of disease caused by constant workplace exposure to inhaled particles.

Asbestosis

A type of occupational lung disease due to breathing in asbestos.

Black Lung Disease

A type of occupational lung disease due to breathing in dust from coal mines.

Lung Cancer

Most common among smokers when tar deposits in thee lungs become cancerous and spread.

Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural space that causes the lung to collapse; usually the result of penetrating trauma.

Hemothorax

Blood in the thoracic cavity, usually due to trauma.

-throax

Chest; Thorax

Pleural Effusion

Accumulation of excess fluid in the ple

Pleurisy; Pleuritis

Inflammation or Infection of the Pleura that causes the two pleural layers to rub against one another and create a pleural friction rub.

Pleur/o-

Lung membrane

-isy

Condition of infection or inflammation

Apnea

Absence of spontaneous respiration due to respiratory failure or arrest.

Pne/o-

breathing

Dyspnea

Abnormal, difficult, labored, or painful breathing.

-pnea

breathing

Bradypnea

Abnormally slow rate of breathing due to brain damage or a chemical imbalance in the blood.

Tachypnea

Abnormally fast rate of breathing due to lung disease.

Orthopnea

Difficulty breathing when lying supine; patient sitting up or semi-upright.

Cyanosis

Blueish-gray skin due to a low level of oxygen and a high level of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Hypercapnia

Very high level of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

Capn/o-

Carbon dioxide

Hypoxemia

Very low levels of oxygen in the arterial blood.

Ox/o-

Oxygen

Arterial blood gases (ABGs)

A blood test to measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide in a sample of arterial blood.

Carboxyhemoglobin

A blood test to measure the amount of carbon dioxide (CO) in blood; usually done for patients exposed to fire or flames.

Oximetry

A noninvasive test to measure oxygen saturation of the blood; an oximeter emits light waves that reflect off of hemoglobin.

Pulmonary function test (PFT)

A breathing test to measure the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled or inhaled.

Sleep Study

Procedure to determine whether a patient has obstructive sleep apnea; it uses sensors to measure movement, breathing, and oxygen level. (Uses CPAP machine.)

Sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A lab test to identify which bacterium is causing lung infection and the antibiotic sensitivity.

Tuberculosis Test

Tests that show whether a person has been exposed of tuberculosis.

Chest Radiography (CXR)

An X-ray of the chest.

CT & MRI scans

Tomography scans that take many images in small slices to provide a detailed picture of lung structure.

Lung Scan

A procedure in which radioactive air is inhaled, and a radioactive drug is injected to identify areas of poor gas uptake and poor perfusion in the lungs.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Procedure to help someone who has stopped breathing and whose heart is. not beating. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation provides air to the lungs, and chest compressions force blood through the heart.

Auscultation and Percussion (A&P)

Assessment of lung health in which breath sounds are listened to with a stethoscope as the back is tapped with fingertips.

Chest percussion therapy

Helps loosen mucus; often used with cystic fibrosis.

Incentive spirometry

Procedure to encourage deep breathing in patients post-surgery using a measuring device.

Nebulizer treatment

A procedure in which medication is aerosolized for deep inhalation.

Endotracheal intubation

insertion of an endotracheal tube into the mouth, through the vocal cords, and into the trachea to establish an airway or provide oxygen

Oxygen therapy

provision of additional oxygen to patients with lung disease; may use a nasal cannula, oxygen mask, or oxygen hood.

Antituberculars

Antibiotic drugs that are used only to treat tuberculosis; more than one must be administered for 9 months.

Antitussives

Suppress the cough centers in the brain for patients with a nonproductive cough.

Antibiotics

Treat bacterial respiratory tract infections.

Antivirals

Treat influenza in at-risk patients; also used ot treat pneumonia.

tuss/o-

cough

-ive

pertaining to

Bronchodilators

Relax smotth muscle around bronchi to dilate bronchi

Corticosteroids

Block immune response that causes inflammation in the lungs.

Meter-dose inhaler (MDI)

automatically delivers a pre-measured dose of a bronchodilator drug or corticosteroid drug into the lungs as the patient inhales through the mouth.