Supporting evidence paper 2

concurrent validity - stinchfield

• pathological gambling diagnosis

• 803 men + women from minnesota

• 259 men + women on a gambling addiction treatment program

• questionnaire using DSM IV

  • could identify who had the addiction and who didnt

Reliability and validity of diagnosis - Beck

• same symptoms only diagnosed as same MHI in half of cases

Reliability and validity of diagnosis - Brown

• good reliability - but DSM had inaccuracies

Reliability and validity of diagnosis - Jakobsen

• random sample of danish individuals who had a diagnosis of MHI, 93% agreement

Reliability and validity of diagnosis - Lee

• diagnosis of children for ADHD in Korea - 1663 children

• match between the DSM criteria for ADHD, their responses and teacher assessments

Typical drugs - Meltzer

• randomised controlled trial

• 481 sz patients

• 6 groups - placebo, 4 new drugs, haloperidol

• haloperidol was most effective

• 2 new drugs showed effective against control

• 2 new drugs were ineffective compared to control

Atypical drugs - Schooler

• randomised controlled trial

• 555 ppts

• 2 groups (typical - haloperidol) and (atypical - respiridone)

• 75% reduction in both groups

• 42% relapse in haloperidol, 55% in risperidone

Genetic explanation of Sz - Gottesman

• MZ = 48%

• DZ = 17%

Genetic explanation of Sz - Sullivan

• review - 81% inheritability

Reliability and validity of diagnosis - Ponvizosky

• 3000 people diagnosed

• 1989 - using ICD 9 - 68% reliability

• 2003 - using ICD 10 - 94.2%

Clinical interview - Vallentine

• semi-structued interview

• 42 males - Broadmoor high security prison

• most diagnosed with sz or depression

• content analysis

DSM - Goldstein

• test retest reliability

• 199 patients - diagnosed with Sz by DSM 2

• rediagnosed with DSM 3

• 85% consistency

Meta analysis - Ying Jiao Zhao

• 18 types of antipsychotics

• 56 trials

• 10,000+ ppts

• randomised controlled trials

• 17/18 lower relapse than placebo

CBT for sz - NICE

• meta analysis

• reduced hospitality by 18 months

• reduced hospitality time by 8.26 days

CBT for sz - Drake and Sedar

• found that intense long therapies may worsen symptoms

CBT for depression - Kuyken

• effective when with drugs

• 43% with CBT relapsed

• 66% on drugs relapsed

CBT for depression - Otto + Wisniewski

• large scale study in the UK

• CBT is more effective alongside drugs

• with drugs - 55%

• without drugs - 31%

Cognitive explanation of Sz - frith

• results from patients increased self-awareness

• whereby they are unable to filter out unnecessary cognitive internal noise

• patients unable to ignore minor processed - hightened awareness

Cognitive explanation of Sz - McGuire

• during hallucinations he could see the area of the brain responsible for inner speech had reduced activity

Bio treatment for depression - Kirsch

• drugs work no better than the placebo

Bio treatment for depression - Statistic

• 65% effectiveness

Bio treatment of depression - Royal college

• royal college of psychiatrists

• 50-65% of people treated by antidepressants showed improvements

• 25-30% with placebo

Bio explanation of sz - Lindstroem

• l-dopa to 10 with and 10 without sz

• dopamine taken up quicker in those with sz

• hypersensitive

Labelling theory - Liberman

• those previously arrested were ore likely to commit more crime

Labelling theory - reclassification

• reclassification of marijuana in Amsterdam

• reduced overdose risk

TBI - williams

• 60% of 196 prisoners have brain injury

  • went to jail earlier

  • reoffend more

TBI - Kreutzer

• 74 patients

• 10% pre

• 20% post

• drugs and alcohol

Amygdala - Sham Rage

• severed cerebral cortex in rats

• they were still aggressive with no ‘thinking brain’

• when amygdala was removed aggression stopped

• when amygdala was stimulated the aggression came back

Amygdala - Pardini

• 26 y/o men

• divided into groups based on size of amygdala

• 3 years later those with smaller volume were 3x more likely to commit crime

Amygdala - Gao

• 1795 3 y/o kids

• loud tone with no reaction showed more aggression in the future

XYY - Jacobs

• overrepresentation of XYY in prisons

• 15 per 1000 (usually 1)

XYY - Stockholm

• in 161 males, those who had XYY had higher rates of crime

• checking backgrounds made little difference

XYY - Theilgard

• small % of XYY in crime

• XYY are more likely to have lower intelligence

  • could be due to learning difficulties

XYY - Re and BIrkhoff

• Literature review of past 50 years

• people with XYY weren’t always going to be antisocial or criminals

Drug treatment for criminals

• MPA

• 15% recidivism compared to 68%

Self fufilling - Jahoda

• wednesday and monday in Ashanti tribe

• 13.5% of all juveniles were wednesdays

• 22% of overall crime was wednesday

Ferrari et al

• rat fought for 10 days with intruder rat

• 11th day - no rat

• increased dopamine

• lowered serotonin

• anticipated fight