HGAP 6.1-6.4

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Ecumene

permanently inhabited areas of the earth's surface

Rural

areas with a low concentration of people (farms/villages)

Urban

areas with high concentration of people (cities)

Suburbs

areas that are primarily residential areas near cities

Settlement

a place with a permanent human population

Factors Driving Urbanization (Concept)

Overtime, small agricultural settlements transformed into the first cities where food surplus, the rise of social stratification or an urban elite/ruling class, and job specialization became common.

Urbanization

the process of developing towns and cities

Percent Urban

an indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas

Site

the characteristics at the immediate location

Situation

the location of a place relative to other places

City State

an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages. (ex: Vatican City, Singapore, Middle Ages Euro, Classical Greece, Monaco, Venice)

Urban Hearth (Historical Examples) (concept)

Tigris Euphrates Valley (Mesopotamia), Nile River Valley (Egypt), Indus River Valley (Pakistan), Huang He Floodplain (China)

Urban area

a central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and includes the surrounding suburbs

City

a higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized political boundaries

Metropolitan Area

a collection of adjacent cities economically connected, across which population density is high and continuous

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

In the US, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, the adjacent counties with a high level of social and economic integration \= or connection with the urban core

Micropolitan Statistical Area

An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties with a high degree of integration.

Nodal Region

An area organized around a node or focal point

Morphology

physical characteristics

Population Characteristics of Cities (Concept)

Social Heterogeneity, Immigration, Diversity

Time-space compression

through processes such as globalization and tech time is accelerated and the significance of distance-decay is reduced

Transportation Impact on Cities(Concept)

Cities used to be shaped by the distances people could walk. City size increased with use of horse and buggy, Communities then grew alongside rail lines. Automobiles expanded population from urban core even further.

Pedestrian Cities

cities shaped by the distances people could walk

Streetcar Suburbs

communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged, often creating a pinwheel shaped city

Communications Impact on Cities (Concept)

Cities connected trade routes used to receive info first. Telecommunication tech expanded and cities that didn't have good communication infrastructure fell behind (early 2000s)

Suburbanization

the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

Causes of USA Suburbanization (Concept)

Economic Expansion, car centered lifestyle, highways, mortgae loans if you move to suburbs, white flight

Boomburgs

rapidly growing communities, have a population of at least 100,000 and are not the largest city in the metro area.

Leap Frog Development

where developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city's built area

Edge Cities

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

Counterurbanization

the counter flow of urban residents leaving cities

Exurbs

Prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs.

Megacities

cities with more than 10 million people

Metacities

population of 20 million or more people and large interconnected urban area

Megalopolis

a chain of connected cities

Conurbation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

Trend of Urbanization in the Developing World (concept)

15/20 largest urban areas in world are in semi periphery or periphery countries. Megacities are more common in LDCs due to high CBR and increasing rural to urban migration.

World Cities (global cities)

exert influence far beyond their national boundaries headquarters of international organizations, leaders of world cities have power comparable to leaders of entire countries.

Urban Hierarchy

ranking based on influence or population size

Top 10 World Cities (Global Cities)

NYC, London, Paris, Berlin, Singapore, Seoul, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Amsterdam, Tokyo

Nodal Cities

command centers on a regional and occasionally national level

Urban Systems

an interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale

Rank Size Rule

the country's nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

High Order Services

expensive, need a large number of people to support, occasional

Low Order Service

less expensive, less people needed to support, used daily/weekly

Primate Cities

A city which is greater than two times the next largest city in a nation

Gravity Model

larger and closers places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and further from each other

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Central Place

location where people go to recieve goods and services

Hinterland

The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.

Market area

zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services, surrounds each central place

Threshold

the size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

Range

the distance people will travel to obtain a good/service

Limitations of CPT (Concept)

assumes flat featureless plain, does not take into account natural landscape or transportation systems