Protists, Fungi and Animal Evolution Lecture Notes

Flashcards based on Protists, Fungi and Animal Evolution lecture notes.

What are Protists?

A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms.

What is Amoebozoa?

Supergroup that includes slime molds.

What is a Sclerotium?

A hardened, resting structure formed by slime molds.

What is Kingdom Fungi?

Organisms characterized by cell walls and hyphae.

What is Hyphae?

The basic structural unit of a fungus, a thread-like filament.

What are the two main types of reproduction in Fungi?

Asexual and sexual.

What are Reproductive Structures in Fungi?

Structures such as spores and fruiting bodies used for reproduction.

How do fungi get energy?

Fungi obtain energy by absorption from their surroundings.

What is a key difference between fungi and protists?

Fungi have cell walls, while protists do not.

What is Phylum Microsporidia?

A phylum of fungi characterized by a polar tube.

What is Microsporidiasis?

A disease caused by microsporidia.

What is Phylum Chitridiomycota?

A phylum of fungi characterized by flagellated zoospores.

What is a Flagellated Zoospore?

A motile spore with flagella, produced by chytrids.

What is Phylum Zygomycota?

A phylum of fungi that produces zygospores.

What is a Pathogenic Fungus?

A fungus that causes disease.

What does the Life Cycle of a Zygomycota involve?

Involves both asexual and sexual stages, leading to zygospore formation.

What is Phylum Glomeromycota?

A phylum of fungi known for forming asexual plant symbionts.

What is AM Mycorrhizae?

A type of mycorrhizae formed by glomeromycota.

What is Phylum Ascomycota?

A phylum of fungi known as cup or sac fungi.

What are some examples of Economic uses for Ascomycota?

Morel, yeast, and truffle mushrooms.

What does the Life Cycle of an Ascomycota involve?

Involves conidia formation and ascus development with ascospores.

What are Conidia?

Asexual spores produced on conidiophores.

What is ascus?

Sexual reproduction in Ascomycota happens by with 8 ascospores

What is Phylum Basidiomycota?

A phylum of fungi known as club fungi.

What is a Basidiocarp?

The fruiting body of a basidiomycete.

What does the Life Cycle of Basidiomycota involve?

Involves basidiospore formation on basidia within the basidiocarp.

What is Decomposition by Fungi?

Breaking down organic matter.

What is Lichen?

A symbiotic association between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium.

What are Growth forms of Lichen?

Crustose, foliose, and fruiticose

What is Soredia?

Asexual reproductive structures in lichens.

How do lichens contribute to mineral decomposition?

Lichens break down rocks by releasing acids.

What is Opisthokonta?

A broad group that includes animals, fungi, and related protists.

What is a Choanoflagellate?

A flagellated protist closely related to animals.

What are some Unifying traits for Kingdom Animalia?

Multicellularity, heterotrophy, and cells without cell walls.

What does it mean for animals to be motile?

Animals are able to move.

How do most animals reproduce?

Most animals reproduce sexually.

What shares a common ancestor with Kingdom Animalia?

Animals, choanoflagellates, and fungi.

What are Classifications based on body symmetry?

Asymmetrical, radial, and bilateral.

What is Anterior?

The front end of an organism.

What is Posterior?

The back end of an organism.

What are the Early Developmental Stages of an animal?

Zygote, 8-cell stage, blastula, and gastrula.

What are Classifications based on germ layers?

Diploblastic and triploblastic.

What are Triploblastic organisms grouped according to body cavity type?

Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate.

What are Advantages of Body Cavity?

Hydrostatic pressure and circulatory systems.

What is a Key Evolutionary Innovation in Animal Phylogeny?

Development of protostomes and deuterostomes.

What is an example of a Parazoa?

Phylum Porifera.

What are Parazoa?

Animals that lack specialized tissues.

What are Components of the Phylum Porifera (sponges) body plan?

Spongocoel, osculum, collar cells, and ostium.

What are Eumetazoa?

Animals with true tissues.

What is an example of a Eumetazoa?

Phylum Cnidaria.

What are the Two body forms of Radiata?

Polyp and medusa.

What are Cnidocytes?

Stinging cells in cnidarians.

What are Nematocysts?

Organelles that eject a stinging thread.

What is Ocean Acidification?

The ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

What are examples of animals in Class Hydrozoa?

Hydra, Obelia, and Portuguese man o’ war.

What are examples of animals in Class Anthozoa?

Sea anemone and coral.

What is an example of an animal in Class Scyphozoa?

Jelly fish.

What is clownfish?

The mutually beneficial relationship between the sea anemone and the _.

What is a key trait of Bilateria?

Have bilateral symmetry.

What is an example of Superphylum Platyzoa?

Phylum Platyhelminthes.

What are the classes within Phylum Platyhelminthes?

Class Turbellaria, Class Trematoda, and Class Cestoda.

What is an example of an animal that belongs to Class Turbellaria?

Flatworm.

What are examples of animals that belong to Class Trematoda?

Chinese liver fluke and swimmer’s itch.

What is an example of an animal that belongs to Class Cestoda?

Tapeworms.

What Phylum has a crown of cilia around their mouth?

Phylum Rotifera.

What are examples of Superphylum Lophotrochozoa?

Phylum Bryozoa, Phylum Brachiopoda, and Phylum Mollusca.

What is a distinct larval stage shared by some lophotrochozoans?

Trochophore larva.

What are the classes within Phylum Mollusca?

Class Polyplacophora, Class Gastropoda, Class Bivalvia, and Class Cephalopoda.

What phylum is known as ribbonworms?

Phylum Nemertea.

What phylum is known as the segmented worms?

Phylum Annelida.

What are the classes of Annelida?

Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea.

What are the major topics related to earthworms in the provided text?

Earthworm Anatomy, Earthworm Hydrostatic Movement, Earthworm Reproduction and Earthworm nutrition

What superphylum is characterized by molting?

Superphylum Ecdysozoa.

What phylum is known as the roundworms?

Phylum Nematoda.

What is Trichinosis?

A disease caused by roundworms.

What is the most diverse animal phylum?

Phylum Arthropoda.

What are the specialized body regions in arthropods called?

Tagmata.

What are key features of the arthropod body plan?

Exoskeleton, Segmented bodies, and Jointed appendages.

What systems do arthropods have?

Chemoreception to Excretory system

What organisms belong to Subphylum Trilobite?

Trilobites (extinct).

What are the major classes of arthropods discussed in the text?

Chelicerata, Crustaceans, Hexapoda, and Myriapoda.

What animals belong to Class Chelicerata?

Spiders, mites, ticks, and horseshoe crabs.

What is a unique practice related to horseshoe crabs?

Harvesting blood from horseshoe crabs for medical purposes.

What animals belong to Order Decapoda?

Sponge crab, pillbugs, lobster, krill, and crayfish.

What animals belong to Order Cirripedia?

Barnacles.

What animals belong to Class Hexapoda?

Insects.

What animals belong to Subphylum Myriapoda?

Centipedes and millipedes.

What animals belong to Class Chilipoda?

Centipedes.

What animals belong to Class Diplopoda?

Millipedes.

What are the two major groups based on developmental patterns?

Protostomes and deuterostomes.

What are the two deuterostome phyla mentioned in the text?

Phylum Echinodermata and Phylum Chordata.

What animals belong to Phylum Echinodermata?

Sea star, sea urchins, and crinoidea (feather stars).

What is a vertebra?

Not every single member of phylum chordate has a .

What are the nonvertebrate chordate subphyla?

Urochordata and Cephalochordata.

What animals belong to Subphylum Urochordata?

Sea squirts.

What animals belong to Subphylum Cephalochordata?

Lancet.

What is a key characteristic of Subphylum Vertebrata?

Craniates (head and neural crest).

What animals belong to Class Myxini?

Hagfish.

What are the five major characteristics of fishes?

Vertebral column, jaw, gill, pair of appendages, and single loop blood circulatory system.

What is Counter current exchange?

A mechanism to maximize gas exchange efficiency in gills.