W1 Microbiology LEC: Introduction to Microbiology, History

WEEK 1 MICROBIOLOGY LEC SLIDES

What is Microbiology?

The study of organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Why is Microbiology Studied?

Ubiquitous

Beneficial effects

Harmful effects

What does Ubiquitous Mean?

Microbes are everywhere

What are the Beneficial Effects of Microbiology?

Maintain ecological balance

Human digestion and vitamin synthesis

Commercial applications (Food and beverage, Antibiotics, Vaccines, Genetic engineering)

How do Microbes acting as Decomposers Benefit the Environment?

They recycle nutrients

Microbes Benefit Humans by Assisting in Digestion and the Synthesis of blank

Vitamin

Who Established the system for Naming Organisms in 1735?

Carolus Linnaeus

What are the Harmful Effects of Microbiology?

They are pathogenic

Food spoilage

Breakdown/Damage useful material

What is Nomenclature?

The idea of naming organism

How do Microbes Contribute to the Basis of the Ecological Food Chain?

They serve as a foundational food source for other organisms.

Microbes Provide Oxygen through the Process of blank

Photosynthesis

What is the Ecological Role of Microbes that Recycle Nutrients by Breaking Down Organic Matter?

Decomposers

Name Commercial Food or Beverage Products Produced Using Microbiology

Pickles

Sauerkraut

Soy sauce

Yogurt

Bread

Alcohol

Beyond food, what are the Major Medical or Industrial applications of Microbiology?

Antibiotics

Vaccines

Genetic engineering

What Term is used to Describe Microorganisms that Cause Disease?

Pathogenic

Aside from Causing Disease, what are Two other Harmful Effects of Microbes?

Food spoilage

Breakdown/Damage useful material

In the Binomial Nomenclature System, what is the First Name of an Organism?

Genus

In the Binomial Nomenclature System, what is the Second Name of an Organism?

Scientific epithet (Species)

How must the Genus Name be formatted in Scientific Writing?

Capitalized and either underlined or italicized

How must the Scientific Epithet be formatted in Scientific Writing?

lower cased and either underlined or italicized

Name the Types of Microorganism

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Acellular forms

Which Two Categories of Microorganisms are Classified as Prokaryotes?

Bacteria

Archaea

What is a Prokaryote?

Lack of a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Bacteria are Described as blank because they Consist of a Single cell

Unicellular

What Makes up the Cell Wall of Bacteria?

Peptidoglycan

Name the Types of Shapes that Bacteria Fall Under?

Cocci (Spherical)

Bacillus (Rod)

Spiral (Corkscrew)

What is the Term for Spherical-shaped Bacteria?

Cocci

What is the Term for Rod-shaped Bacteria?

Bacillus

What is the Term for Corkscrew-shaped Bacteria?

Spiral

Some Bacteria possess blank for Motility

Flagella

How do Bacteria typically Reproduce?

Binary fission

What is Binary Fission?

Diving into 2 equal cells

Organisms that Require an Organic Carbon Source for Nutrition are Called what?

Heterotrophic

Organisms that Obtain Nutrients from Dead Organic Matter are called what?

Saprophytic

Organisms that use carbon dioxide as their main carbon source are called what?

Autotrophic

What unit of measurement is typically used to describe the size of bacteria and archaea?

Micrometers

How does the cell wall of Archaea differ from that of Bacteria?

Archaea cell walls lack peptidoglycan

What group of Archaea produces methane as a waste product of respiration?

Methanogens

What group of Archaea is adapted to live in extremely salty environments?

Extreme halophiles

What group of Archaea is adapted to live in very hot environments?

Extreme thermophiles

What are the main groups of Eukaryotic microorganisms?

Fungi

Algae

Protozoa

Helminths

What is the defining structural characteristic of a Eukaryote?

Contains true nucleus and membrane bound organells

What are unicellular fungi called?

Yeasts

What are multicellular fungi called?

Molds

What substance makes up the cell wall of Fungi?

Chitin

What is the typical shape of a yeast cell?

Ovoid

What is the typical shape of a mold cell?

Filamentous hyphae

In terms of size, fungi and algae can range from blank to blank

Micrometers to millimeters

What substance makes up the cell wall of Algae?

Cellulose

What organelle in algae is responsible for photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts

What nutrition type requires light, water, and carbon dioxide, as seen in algae?

Photoautotrophic

Protozoa are always blank organisms

Unicellular

Unlike many other microbes, Protozoa and Helminths lack a blank

Cell wall

Name the structures Protozoa use for motility

Pseudopods

Flagella

Cilia

What is the nutrition type for Protozoa?

Heterotrophic

Helminths are structurally characterized as blank eukaryotes

Multicellular

Helminths include two main types of worms: blank and blank

Round and Flat

What are the two possible sexual reproduction states for Helminths?

Dioecious or Hermaphroditic

What is the size of helminths?

Macroscopic, at certain stages of life cycle they are microscopic

What are the main types of acellular forms?

Viruses

Viroids

Prions

What are the components of a basic virus structure?

Nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)

Protein capsid

What is the optional outer membrane found on some viruses called?

Envelope

What do viruses reproduce?

Obligate intracellular parasites

What unit of measurement is used for the size of viruses?

Nanometers

What is the structural composition of a Viroid?

Linear or circular RNA with no protein capsid

How does the size of a Viroid compare to the smallest virus?

It is 10x smaller

Name example of Viroid

Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd)

What are Prions?

A self-replicating infectious protein

How does the size of a Prion compare to the smallest virus?

It is 100x smaller

Name examples of Prions

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

Mad Cow Disease

What is Taxonomy?

A system for naming, organizing, and classifying living things

What are the criteria used to classify organisms in taxonomy?

Type of cell structure

Types of nutrition

Similarity in nucleic acids

Who developed the Three Domain System of Classification in 1978?

Carl Woese

What are the three domains in Carl Woese's classification system?

Domain bacteria

Domain archaea

Domain eukarya

What is the difference between Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea?

Domain Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while Domain Archaea do not

List the four kingdoms found within Domain Eukarya

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Animals

What was Zaccharias Janssen's contribution to microbiology?

He invented the compound microscope

How did Galileo Galilei improve the compound microscope?

He popularized the compound microscope and added a focusing device

What mechanical device did Robert Hooke invent to improve microscope illumination?

The condenser

Who first observed 'cells' in a cork sample?

Robert Hooke

What are the two core tenets of Cell Theory?

All living things are composed of cells

Cells come from preexisting cells

Who was the first to observe live microorganisms, which he called 'animalcules'?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

What is Spontaneous Generation?

The theory that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

What is Biogenesis?

The theory that living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells

Who conducted the experiment showing that maggots do not arise spontaneously from meat?

Francisco Redi

In Redi's second experiment, why did he cover the jars with gauze?

To allow air in while keeping flies out, addressing the argument that air was needed for spontaneous generation

Who provided evidence for spontaneous generation by boiling broth and then covering it?

John Needham

What error did Lazzaro Spallanzani suggest was in Needham's experiment?

Microbes entered the broth from the air after boiling but before it was covered

Who definitively disproved spontaneous generation using S-shaped flasks?

Louis Pasteur

What was the purpose of the S-shaped neck in Louis Pasteur's flasks?

To allow air into the flask but trap airborne microbes in the curve of the tube

The 'Golden Age of Microbiology' occurred between the years blank

1857-1914

Pasteur found that yeast converts sugar into blank in the absence of air

Ethanol and CO2

Pasteur found that bacteria convert sugar into blank in the presence of air, causing spoilage

Acids and CO2

What is Pasteurization?

The process of heating a liquid (like wine) to kill spoilage bacteria before adding desirable yeast

What were the 'early theories' of disease used before the Germ Theory?

Supernatural forces

Curses

Astronomical events

Imbalances of body humors

Miasmas

What are Miasmas?

Foul odors believed to cause disease

What are the main principles of the Germ Theory of Disease

Infectious disease are caused by living microorganisms

A specific organism causes a specific disease

Who were the contributors to the Germ Theory of Disease?

Ignaz Semmelweis

Joseph Lister

Robert Koch

Who advocated for handwashing to prevent the transmission of infections by physicians?

Ignaz Semmelweis

What antiseptic did Joseph Lister use to treat surgical wounds?

Phenol (Carbolic acid)