a negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group
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repetition
the victim is targeted a number of times
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power imbalance
the bully abuses their power over the victim
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cyberbullying
bulling through electronic devices and social media
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indirect aggression
acts like telling lies to get someone in trouble or shutting a person out of desired activities
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relational aggression
a kind of indirect aggression that targets a persons relationships and social status
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Big Five factors
five dimensions that account for a great deal of variability in peoples personalities across gender and culture
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conditions of provocation
situations in which the individual feels threatened, insulted, or stressed
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emotional susceptibility
the tendency to feel distressed, inadequate, and vulnerable to perceived threats
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type A personality
the tendency to be driven by feelings of inadequacy to try to prove oneself through personal accomplishments
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impulsivity
being relatively unable to control ones thoughts and behaviors
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narcissism
having an inflated sense of self-worth and self-love, having low empathy for others, tending to focus on the self rather than others, and being especially sensitive to perceived insults
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Machiavellianism
characterized by manipulativeness
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psychopathy
characterized by impulsivity, poor self-control, and a lack of empathy
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executive functioning
the cognitive abilities and processes that allow humans to plan or inhibit their actions
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uncinate fasciculus
the part of the brain that connects the orbitofrontal cortex with the anterior temporal lobe
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positive reinforcement
when aggression produces desired outcomes
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negative reinforcement
when aggression prevents or stops undesirable outcomes
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Corporal Punishment
physical force intended to cause a child pain, but not injury, for the purpose of controlling or correcting the childs behavior
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Social Learning Theory
the theory that behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments
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cycle of violence
children who witness parental violence or who are themselves abused are more likely as adults to inflict abuse on intimate partners or their children or be victims of intimate violence
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machismo
challenges, abuse, and even differences of opinion must be met with fists or other weapons
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culture of honor
a culture that emphasizes honor and social status, particularly for males, and the role of aggression in protecting that honor
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displacement
aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access
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excitation transfer
the arousal created by one stimulus can intensify an individuals emotional response to another stimulus
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weapons effect
the tendency for the presence of guns to increase aggression
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rumination
repeatedly thinking about and reliving an anger-inducing event, focusing on angry thoughts and feelings, and even planning or imagining revenge
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alcohol myopia
alcohol narrows peoples focus of intention
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instigation
social factors that often trigger aggressive impulses, such as provocation or social rejection
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impellance
personality and situational factors that promote the urge to aggress when encountering instigating factors
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inhibition
the various factors of self-control
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desensitization
reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity to real violence
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confluence model of sexual aggression
for the subset of individuals who already score high on multiple known risk factors of sexual aggression, consuming pornography increases the risk of sexually aggressive attitudes and behaviors
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behavioral modification
treatments that try to alter an individuals behavior through learning principles that reinforce nonaggressive actions
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True or False: In virtually every culture, males are more violent than females.
True
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True or False: For virtually any category of aggression, males are more aggressive than females.
False
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True or false: Children who are spanked or otherwise physically disciplined (but not abused) for behaving aggressively tend to become less aggressive.
False
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True or False: Blowing off steam by engaging in safe but aggressive activities (such as sports) makes people less likely to aggress later.
False
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True or False: Exposure to TV violence in childhood is related to aggression later in life.
True
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Dark Triad
A set of three traits that are associated with higher levels of aggressiveness: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism
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frustration-aggression hypothesis
the idea that (1) frustration always elicits the motive to aggress and (2) all aggression is caused by frustration
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pornography
explicit sexual material
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proactive aggression
aggressive behavior whereby harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end
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aggression
Behavior intended to harm another individual.
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reactive aggression
Aggressive behavior where the means and the end coincide; harm is inflicted for its own sake.
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catharsis
A reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression.
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hostile attribution bias
The tendency to perceive hostile intent in others.
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cultivation
The process by which the mass media (particularly television) construct a version of social reality for the public.
Studied by 3 people
