AP HUG Unit 3: Culture, Language, Religion, Ethnicity

Habit

a repetitive act performed by a particular individual

custom

the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the group of people performing the act

folk culture

culture traditionally practice by a small homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation

popular culture

culture found in large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

cultural hearth

the region which certain cultures originate

material culture

the physical aspects of a society, the objects made or modified by a human

taboo

a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

terrior

the contribution of a locations distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

assimilation

the process by which a groups cultural features are altered to resemble those of another more dominant group

acculturation

the process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each which retains distinct features

cultural diffusion

the spread of a culture over time

built environment

man made structures, features and facilities viewed collectively as an environment in which people live and work

cultural appropriation

unacknowledged or inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas etc of one people or society by members of another typically more dominant society

cultural syncretism

an aspect of two or more cultures blend together to create a new custom, idea, practice or philosophy

literary tradition

a language that is written as well spoken

official language

the language adopted for use by the government for the conduct if business and publication of documents

dialect

a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

isogloss

a boundary that separates regions in which different languages usages predominate

developing language

a language spoken in daily use with a literary tradition that is not widely distributed

british received pronunciation

the dialect of english associated with upper class britons living in london and how considered standard in the uk

language family/branch/group

a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor or long before recorded history

vulgar latin

a form of latin used in daily conversation by ancient romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents

romance language

a group of related language derived from vulgar latin within historical times and forming a subgroup of the italic branch of the indo-european language family

creole language

a language that results from the mixing of a colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

vigorous language

a language that is spoken in daily use but lacks literary tradition

adage

a proverb or short statement expressing a general truth

slang

an informal, often short lived kind of language used in place of standard words

ideograms/logograms

a symbol that represents a word rather than a sound

extinct languages

a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

isolated language

a language that is unrelated to any languages and therefor not attached to any language family

lingua franca

a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

pidgin language

a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca used for communications among speakers of two different languages

ebonics

a dialect spoken by some african americans

universalizing religion

a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular region

ethnic religion

a religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location which its adherents are connected

branch

a large fundamental division within a religion

denomination

a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body

sect

a dissenting or schismatic religious body

caste system

the class or distinct hereditary order into which a hindu is assigned, according to religious law

5 pillars of islam

faith, prayer, giving alms, fasting and pilgrimage

4 noble truths of buddhism

the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering

monotheism

the belief of only one god

polytheism

the belief of more than one god

animism

the belief that objects such as plants and stones or natural events like thunderstorms and earthquakes have a discrete spirit and conscious3\` life

pagan

a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times

religious/ethnic ghettos

a neighborhood in a city set up for it to be inhabited by people of one religion or ethnic group

pilgrimage

a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes

cosmogony

a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin if the universe

sacred space

a place considered holy to a certain people

hierarchical religion

a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

autonomous religion

a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally

religious syncretism

the fusion of diverse religious beliefs and practices

diocese

a district under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian church

parish

(in the Christian church) a small administrative district typically having its own church and priest or pastor

diaspora

Jews leaving the roman empire

aliya

Jews returning to Israel

fundamentalism

literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion

interfaith conflict

conflict relating to or between different religions or members of different religions

intrafaith conflict

conflict taking place within or relevant to a single faith community

ethnicity

identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

ethnic enclave/ethnoburb

a place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is disting from those in the surrounding area.

race

identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait such as skin color

sharecropper

a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops

blockbusting

a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

redlining

a process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundries

nationality

an identity with a group of people who share a legal attachment to a particular country

centripetal force

an attitude that tends to unify people an enhance support for a state

centrifugal forge

forces or attitudes that tend to divide a state

ethnic cleansing

a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror inspiring means, the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas

genocide

the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence

balkanization

a process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities