IB BIOLOGY SL - Midterms (Yr1+Yr2 Sem 1) | Quizlet

Water

A polar molecule, solvent, found inside and outside cells

Buoyancy

Importance of organisms on surfaces (ex. ringed seal) on water

Viscosity

Water's resistance to flowing/overcoming resistance, and energy needed to break

Thermal conductivity

Water conducting heat well

Specific heat

Water having a high heat capacity due to having to break hydrogen and covalent bonds

Monosaccharides (one sugar)

Has high solubility because it is polar, easily transportable, chemically stable, and yields a lot of energy

Fat

Less dense than bone, more buoyant, insulates organisms

Lipids

2x as much energy per gram than carbs, more efficient for long-term energy storage

Steroids

Non-polar, hydrophobic, organic compounds

Monomers (one organic molecule)

Building blocks of organic polymers

Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Condensation

Bringing simple molecules into complex molecules with an addition of water in the resultants

Polysaccharides (many sugars)

Made up of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance (water)

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances (water v. other)

Catabolic (exergonic reaction)

A process in which large molecules are broken down and release energy

Anabolic

A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules and require energy

Metabolic

All reactions taken place

Cellulose

A polysaccharide found in plant walls, with beta glucoses, and are bonded with carbons 1-4

Amylose

A polysaccharide found in plants, with alpha glucoses, and are bonded with carbons 1-4, and is a starch

Amylopectin

A polysaccharide found in plants, with alpha glucoses, and are bonded with carbons 1-4, and 6, and is a starch

Glycogen

A polysaccharide found in animals, with alpha glucoses, and are bonded with carbons 1-4, and 6, and serves in energy storage

Saturated fatty acid

Trans unsaturated fatty acid

Cis unsaturated fatty acid

Triglycerides

An energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid, resulting in 3 condensation reactions and 3 water molecules as by-products (results in a glycosidic bond)

Phospholipids

A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, that have amphipathic components.

Peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

Glycosidic bond

Bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides

Ester bond

The bond formed when fatty acid molecules are joined to glycerol molecules in condensation reactions

Primary structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain

Essential foods

A molecule that must be taken in, in the diet and cannot be created by the body itself

Non-essential amino acids

Amino acids that the body can synthesize on its own; does not need to get from dietary sources

Denaturation

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by environmental factors

Active site

Enzyme-substrate complex

Catalysis reaction

Release of enzyme products (catabolic)

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

Gradual increasing collisions, than denaturation as an enzyme cannot survive at high temperatures

Effect of pH on enzyme activity

Enzymes must work at optimal pH

Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity

It increases, than plateaus, as all enzymes are occupied and working at maximum capacity

Catabolic reaction

Anabolic reaction

Solvent properties of water

Attraction due to polar covalent bonds, ions, polar, or charged molecules dissolve, molecules are separated and surrounded by water

Collision theory

As concentration of substrate concentration increases, rate of reaction increases (high temp--> more movement--> more frequent collisions)

Photosynthesis formula

Carbon dioxide + water -(light energy)-> glucose + oxygen gas

Rf value formula (chromatography)

Absorption spectra

The specific frequency of light a substance absorbs and keeps

Action spectra

Rate of photosynthesis of whole plant at different wavelengths

ATP

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work

ATP to ADP

Energy released, broken down through hydrolysis

ADP to ATP

Energy required, H2O released from condensation reaction

Anaerobic respiration

glucose --> lactate + ATP

Aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Cellular respiration equation

glucose --> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Nucleotide

Monomer of a nucleic acid, which has covalent bonds within

Condensation reaction

Chemical reaction between RNA molecules to form a polymer, forming covalent bonds, with OH group and H removed (forming water)

Ribose

Pentose sugar in RNA (bonded w/ OH in carbon 2

Deoxyribose

Pentose sugar in DNA (bonded w/ H in carbon 2)

Bond between complementary base pairs in DNA

Hydrogen bonds

DNA with multiple nucleotides

DNA Replication

Process in which DNA is copied

Parent strands

Original strands before DNA replication

Daughter strands

New strands after DNA replication

Helicase

Enzyme that unwinds the parent DNA strands, and breaks hydrogen bonds

DNA Polymerase

Enzyme that builds the daughter DNA strands, through complementary base pairings, with condensation (anabolic) reactions

Covalent bonds (replication)

Bond formed between nucleotides on the growing daughter strand

Hydrogen bonds (replication)

Bond formed between parent strand and daughter strand

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Way of amplifying (making many copies of) a specific region in DNA in the lab, mimicking DNA replication, within a machine (thermal cycler)

Denaturation (PCR)

1st step: separation of DNA strands using heat, using the Helicase enzyme to break hydrogen bonds

Annealing (PCR)

2nd step: Forming hydrogen bonds by primers attaching to original strand, through complementary base pairing

Elongation (PCR)

3rd step: Taq polymerase extends strand by adding nucleotides to primers

Restriction enzyme (endonuclease)

Protein that digests DNA existing in bacteria, cutting in the restriction site

EcoR1

Enzyme that produces a jagged cut which results in sticky ends to easily attach other DNA molecules

EcoRV

Enzyme that produces a blunt cut

Gel electrophoresis

Separation of DNA fragments and proteins for comparison

Transcription

Takes place within the nucleus, DNA instructions for making a polypeptide are copied to mRNA with the RNA polymerase enzyme

RNA Polymerase

Enzyme that unwinds the DNA and also builds complementary RNA strand during transcription

Initiation (Transcription)

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter section of the gene, and unwinds the DNA

Elongation (Transcription)

DNA is read and a complementary RNA strand is created, growing to its 3 primer ends, with condensation reactions creating covalent bonds

Termination (Transcription)

The RNA transcript is released from the template at the termination site and the polymerase detaches from the DNA

Translation

Takes place within the cytoplasm, and ribosome is attached to mRNA in order to build a polypeptide (protein)

RNA's involved in translation

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

Anticodon

Complementary set of 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule, with hydrogen bonds formed between them, attached to amino acid

Initiation (Translation)

Small subunits of ribosome come together around mRNA strand, and bind, large subunit binds to the trNA

Elongation (Translation)

Addition tRNAs bind to ribosome, with peptide bonds on adjacent tRNAS, and the left tRNA leaves a large subunit, and two can be fully bonded at once

Termination

When mRNA stop codon enters, the ribosome complex falls apart, and the protein is released into the cell

mRNA nucleotides for 1 amino acid

3

mRNA codons for 1 amino acid

1

Degenerate

For each amino acid, there may be more than 1 codon

Mutation

Permanent change in the DNA sequence

Substitution

A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide

Insertion

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene

Deletion

A mutation which is the deletion of one or more bases

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

Variations in DNA between different individuals resulting from single base substitutions, possible by degeneracy

Frameshift error

Error caused by the misreading of the mRNA, results in a completely different sequence due to insertion

Germ cells

Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum, and can inherit mutated genes

Somatic cells

Bodily cells, that can get cancer

Three domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya