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Where is the narrator studying at the time of the prologue?
Oxford University in England.
Who is Dr. May Chinn, and why is she important to the narrator?
A pioneering Black female physician whose story inspired and resonated deeply with the narrator.
What connection does the narrator feel with Dr. Chinn?
Despite being born a century apart, the narrator feels a familial bond and sees parallels in their struggles as Black women in medicine.
What happened when the narrator returned to her lab after vacation?
Her ID card didn’t work, and an unfamiliar white man questioned her right to be there.
How did the man react to the narrator’s explanation?
He remained skeptical, asked for her ID, and questioned why it didn’t look like his.
What emotion did the narrator feel during the encounter at the lab?
Embarrassment, hurt, and a deep sense of not belonging.
What childhood memories were triggered by the man’s question?
Racist comments from classmates doubting her intelligence and achievements because she is Black.
How did the man treat her after the incident?
He avoided eye contact and never acknowledged her again.
What realization did the narrator come to after the incident?
She was the only Black person in her lab and often the only one in the entire building outside of service staff.
How did the lab experience affect her emotionally?
She became anxious, felt unwelcome, and dreaded returning to the lab.
What helped the narrator begin to process the incident?
Sharing her experience in a small group session and speaking with the dean of the Ervin Scholars Program.
What message did the narrator ultimately take from the experience?
Her pain was valid, and she was not at fault for what happened.
What realization did the narrator have during the symposium?
She wasn’t alone—other Black researchers faced microaggressions too.
What did she do after this realization?
She founded MARS to support students of color in research.
How did MARS mentoring sessions help students?
They offered support and guidance through shared experiences.
What honor did she receive a year later?
She became a Rhodes Scholar.
What challenge did she face in her research?
It was hard to find stories of Black women physicians.
What did some classmates assume about her?
That she got in because of her race, not merit.
Why was the African student’s comment hurtful?
It showed bias against African Americans within the Black community.
What did she study for her master’s degree?
She earned a Master of Philosophy in the history of science, medicine, and technology.
What is MARS and what does it stand for?
MARS is the Minority Association of Rising Scientists, a group that supports students of color in research and fights bias and imposter syndrome.
What key differences does the author point out between African, African American, and Caribbean students?
Many Black med students are African or Caribbean immigrants. African Americans often face added barriers due to a longer history of systemic racism and lack of generational resources.
What personal struggles did she face during her first year of med school?
Pandemic isolation, delayed white coat ceremony, and classmates questioning her qualifications.
Who was Rebecca Lee Crumpler and what did she achieve?
She was the first African American woman to earn a medical degree in the U.S.
When and where was Rebecca born?
February 8, 1831, in Christiana, Delaware.
Who raised Rebecca and how did it influence her?
Her aunt, likely an herbalist; watching her heal others inspired Rebecca to pursue medicine.
Why did Rebecca become a nurse before becoming a doctor?
Limited access to medical schools for Black women made nursing more accessible.
What made Rebecca’s medical degree especially significant?
She broke racial and gender barriers during a time when both Black people and women were excluded from the field.
Who was James McCune Smith?
The first African American man to earn a medical degree, trained in Scotland.
Why couldn’t James McCune Smith attend American medical schools?
He was denied admission due to his race.
How did James McCune Smith manage to study medicine?
He attended the University of Glasgow in Scotland, earning three degrees.
Why couldn’t women attend Scottish medical schools like James?
They were not admitted until 1892 and were still segregated until the 1950s.
What event in 1834 deeply affected the Black community in New York?
A violent three-day riot targeting Black homes and institutions, including Smith’s school.
What did James McCune Smith do after returning to the U.S.?
Opened the first Black-owned pharmacy and practiced medicine in NYC.
Who was David Jones Peck?
The first African American to graduate from an American medical school.
What challenge did David Jones Peck face at Rush Medical College?
He studied alongside classmates who legally could have owned his family as slaves.
What were the only American medical schools that offered lectures in the early 1800s?
University of Pennsylvania, Harvard, and Dartmouth.
Who were the "regular physicians," or allopaths?
They trained through apprenticeships or schools and used mainstream treatments.
Who were homeopaths and eclectics?
Medical sects with alternative approaches to healing that competed with allopaths.
Where did Rebecca Crumpler pursue her studies before nursing?
West Newton English and Classical School in Massachusetts.
When was the Emancipation Proclamation signed?
January 1, 1863.
What job did James McCune Smith work to support himself?
Blacksmith.
What languages did James study for medical school?
Latin and Greek.
What school did James McCune Smith attend?
University of Glasgow in Scotland.
How many years passed between Smith’s rejection and the graduation of the first African American from a U.S. medical school?
Fifteen years.
What were David Jones Peck’s parents’ names?
John C. Peck and Sarah “Sally” Peck.
Who ultimately decided whether David could stay in medical school?
The white male students in the class.
What was the outcome of the students’ vote regarding David Jones Peck?
Just enough students voted in his favor, allowing him to remain and graduate.
When did the demand for all doctors to be men begin to change?
In 1849, when Elizabeth Blackwell earned her medical degree.
Where did Elizabeth Blackwell earn her medical degree?
Geneva Medical College in New York.
How did most physicians in Elizabeth’s network react to her medical ambitions?
They discouraged her, saying medicine wasn’t appropriate for women.
What were some reasons male physicians gave for rejecting Elizabeth’s pursuit of medicine?
They said it was impractical, too vulgar, and unfeminine for a woman.
What advice did one doctor give Elizabeth about how other women had tried to attend medical lectures?
He suggested she disguise herself as a man to gain access to lectures in Paris.
Why did Elizabeth refuse to disguise herself as a man?
She wanted to open doors for women by being accepted as a woman in medicine.
When did David Jones Peck graduate from medical school?
He graduated in the spring of 1847.
How many rounds of medical school applications did Elizabeth Blackwell complete before being accepted?
Three rounds — her third round included twelve smaller medical schools.
Why did the dean of Geneva Medical College allow Elizabeth Blackwell’s classmates to vote on her admission?
He wanted to be respectful to the physician who had recommended her, but he did not want a woman in the school, so he hoped the students would reject her.
What was the reaction of the male students at Geneva Medical College when they learned a woman wanted to join their class?
They laughed, finding the idea of a female doctor hilarious.
When was Elizabeth Blackwell admitted to Geneva Medical College?
In October 1847.
When did Elizabeth Blackwell graduate from medical school?
In 1849.
What was the impact of Elizabeth Blackwell’s graduation on the medical profession for women?
It led to the founding of new medical colleges exclusively for women, allowing hundreds of white women to become physicians.
What was Rebecca Davis’s best chance to become a physician?
Attending one of the new women’s medical colleges, as Howard University College of Medicine hadn’t yet opened.
When did Rebecca Davis apply to medical school, and how many women physicians existed in the U.S. at the time?
She applied in 1860, when there were only 300 women among 54,543 physicians — and none of them were Black.
Where did Rebecca Davis attend medical school?
The New England Female Medical College.
How many Black students had ever attended the New England Female Medical College before Rebecca?
She was the only Black student in the school’s 25-year history.
What happened in Boston in December 1860 that affected Rebecca’s safety?
Abolitionists were attacked by angry white men at Tremont Temple and later at the African Meeting House; violence spread through Black neighborhoods.
How did the Boston riots impact Rebecca Davis?
Fearing for her safety, she left school temporarily and relocated to Richmond, Virginia.
What financial hardship did Rebecca face when she left school during the Civil War?
Her scholarship was revoked by the medical school.
How did Rebecca manage to return to school after her scholarship was taken away?
She received the Wade Scholarship, created by abolitionist Benjamin Wade.
When did Rebecca Davis graduate from medical school?
In 1864.
How many years after Black men and white women was Rebecca Davis allowed to become a physician?
Twenty-seven years after Black men and fifteen years after white women.
What was Rebecca’s name after marriage?
Dr. Rebecca Lee Crumpler.
What organization did Rebecca and her husband work for in Richmond after the Civil War?
The Freedmen’s Bureau.
What was the mission of the Freedmen’s Bureau?
To help newly freed African Americans transition into society, including providing healthcare.
Who was the Dean of Geneva Medical College?
Dr. Charles Lee
What rule did they implement in order to try to reject Elizabeth from medical school?
Only one "no" vote was needed to deny her admission.
When did Rebecca Davis apply to medical school?
1860
When was Abraham Lincoln elected president?
November 1860.
What was the Secession Winter and when did it occur?
It was the period from late 1860 to early 1861 when 11 Southern states seceded.
Who was a prominent figure who spoke at the abolitionist meeting in Boston?
Frederick Douglass.
How did other healthcare providers treat Dr. Crumpler despite claiming to care about African Americans?
They blocked her from admitting patients and refused to fill her prescriptions.
What insulting phrase did male physicians use to mock Dr. Crumpler?
They said “MD” stood for “Mule Driver.”
What motivated Dr. Crumpler to keep practicing medicine despite mistreatment?
Her desire to care for the African American community.
What did Dr. Crumpler describe her work in Virginia as?
“A proper field for real missionary work.”
Where did Dr. Crumpler move in 1869, and what did she do there?
Back to Boston; she opened a medical office in her home.
Who were Dr. Crumpler’s main patients in Boston?
Black women and children.
Did Dr. Crumpler treat patients who couldn’t pay?
Yes, she treated them regardless of ability to pay.
What major scientific shift occurred during Dr. Crumpler’s career?
The rise of cellular pathology and germ theory.
What did Rudolf Virchow propose in 1855?
That cells come from preexisting cells.
What did Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch contribute to medicine?
Pasteur developed germ theory; Koch identified bacteria causing diseases.
How did Pasteur help create vaccines?
By using live-attenuated bacteria, starting with cholera in chickens.
How did American medical practices change in the 1870s?
Doctors began using specific therapies instead of harsh general treatments.
What significant move did Dr. Crumpler make in 1880?
She moved to Hyde Park, Boston.
What did Dr. Crumpler publish at age 52?
A Book of Medical Discourses: In Two Parts.
What topics did her book cover?
Newborn care, breastfeeding, nutrition, disease management, and burns.
Why was her book especially important for Black women?
It gave them medical knowledge when they couldn’t afford a doctor.
Why is Dr. Crumpler’s book historically significant?
It’s the only known medical book by a 19th-century African American woman.
When did Dr. Crumpler die?
March 9, 1895.
What mistake has been made in identifying Dr. Crumpler’s photo?
People often show a photo of Mary Eliza Mahoney instead.
What was the previous belief about how cells formed before Virchow’s discovery?
They were thought to arise from a fluid called blastema.