(Eye Institute) Ocular Anatomy and Surgical Procedures Overview

From Induction Resourcess 2022

Cornea

Transparent front part of the eye, refracts light.

Conjunctiva

Thin membrane covering the eye's surface.

Sclera

White outer layer of the eyeball.

Pupil

Opening in the iris, regulates light entry.

Lens

Focuses light onto the retina.

Iris

Colored part of the eye, controls pupil size.

Retina

Light-sensitive layer, converts light to signals.

Vitreous Humour

Gel-like substance filling the eye's interior.

Macula

Central area of the retina for sharp vision.

Zonules

Fibers connecting lens to ciliary body.

Optic Nerve

Transmits visual information to the brain.

Cataract

Clouding of the lens, requires surgical removal.

Phacoemulsification

Ultrasound technique to break up cataracts.

Intraocular Lens (IOL)

Artificial lens implanted after cataract surgery.

Corneal Graft

Transplant of donor cornea for vision restoration.

Vitrectomy

Surgical removal of vitreous humour from eye.

Trabeculectomy

Surgery to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma.

Aqueous Humour

Fluid inside the eye, maintains pressure.

Pterygium

Growth on conjunctiva, can affect vision.

Enucleation

Surgical removal of a painful, blind eye.

Eyelid Surgery

Corrects eyelid mispositioning or removes lesions.

Entropion

Eyelid turns inward, causing irritation.

Ectropion

Eyelid turns outward, exposing inner surface.

Trichiasis

Misplaced eyelashes irritating the eye surface.

Ptosis

Drooping of the upper eyelid, often congenital.

Dacryocystorhinostomy

Surgery to relieve nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Vitreoretinal surgery

Surgical discipline for retinal conditions.

Photoreceptors

Cells converting light into electrical impulses.

Rods

Photoreceptors for peripheral and dim light vision.

Cones

Photoreceptors for central vision and color.

Fovea

Central part of macula with highest cone density.

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

Nourishes photoreceptors beneath them.

Neovascularization

Growth of new blood vessels, often fragile.

Wet macular degeneration

Condition with bleeding from new choroidal vessels.

Vitreous

Gel-like substance filling the eye's posterior chamber.

Collagen fibrils

Protein fibers providing structure in vitreous.

Mucopolysaccharides

Mucous molecules in vitreous composition.

Optic disc

Exit point for nerve fibers from retina.

Choroid

Layer supplying blood to the retina.

Electrolysis

Method to remove misdirected eyelashes.

Levator muscle

Muscle responsible for elevating the eyelid.

Surgical resection

Procedure to shorten the levator muscle.

Canaliculus

Small ducts for tear drainage.

Vitreous Body

Fills 2/3 of eye's volume, gel-like consistency.

Syneretic Cavities

Fluid-filled spaces from clumped vitreous fibrils.

Floaters

Visual disturbances caused by vitreous separation.

Blind Spot

Area without sensory receptors in optic nerve.

Sclerotomies

Incisions in scleral tissue for vitrectomy.

Tamponade Agents

Substances used to support retinal reattachment.

Gas Tamponade

Uses gases for prolonged intraocular support.

SF6

Sulfur hexafluoride; expands, used in retinal surgery.

C2F6

Hexafluoroethane; longer tamponade duration than SF6.

C3F8

Perfluoropropane; provides high reattachment force.

Air

Non-expanding gas, less effective for tamponade.

Expansion Time

Time taken for gas to expand in eye.

Tamponade Time

Duration gas remains effective in eye.

Hypertony

Increased intraocular pressure from gas insertion.

Endophthalmitis

Severe inflammation of interior eye structures.

Cryotherapy

Freezing treatment to seal retinal holes.

Posture After Gas Insertion

Patient must maintain position for effective treatment.

Perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL)

Heavy liquid used in vitreous surgery for retinal detachment.

Giant retinal tears (GRTS)

Large tears in the retina requiring specialized management.

Epiretinal membrane dissection

Surgical procedure to remove membranes from the retina.

Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)

Separation of vitreous gel from the retina.

Arcaline-CF10F18

Type of perfluorocarbon liquid used in surgery.

Arcotane-C8F18

Another type of perfluorocarbon liquid for retinal surgery.

Retinal reattachment

Process of restoring the retina to its normal position.

Sub-retinal fluid drainage

Removal of fluid beneath the retina without retinotomy.

Retinotomy

Surgical incision into the retina.

Silicone oil

Low specific gravity fluid used for intraocular tamponade.

Postoperative intraocular tamponade

Pressure maintenance in the eye after surgery.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Separation caused by holes or tears in the retina.

Tractional retinal detachment

Separation due to fibrous membranes pulling on the retina.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Complication of diabetes causing retinal traction.

Emulsification of silicone oil

Breakdown of silicone oil into small droplets.

Glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure leading to vision loss.

Keratopathy

Corneal damage due to mechanical contact with silicone.

Macular hole

Full-thickness defect in the macula region of the retina.

Aphakic eyes

Eyes without a lens, often after cataract surgery.

Retinal degeneration

Deterioration of retinal cells, affecting vision.

Vitreoretinal traction

Increases with age; vitreous gel shrinks.

Posterior vitreous detachments

Common in two-thirds of those over 70.

Exudative retinal detachment

Fluid accumulation without retinal break.

Aetiologic factors

Tumor growth or inflammation causing detachment.

Signs of retinal detachment

Includes light flashes and wavy vision.

Veil obstructing vision

Curtain-like effect on visual field.

Sudden vision decrease

A critical symptom of retinal detachment.

Macula attachment

Determines surgery type and visual prognosis.

Pneumatic retinopexy

Gas bubble used to reattach retina.

Laser treatment

Welds retina back after detachment.

Scleral buckle

Silicone band holds retina against eye wall.

Shortsightedness risk

Possible side effect of scleral buckle.

Silicone oil use

Replaces vitreous to hold retina in place.

Diabetic retinopathy

Diabetes-related damage to retinal blood vessels.

Dot-like hemorrhages

Small leaks from weakened retinal arteries.

Retinal edema

Swelling due to fluid leakage.

Circulatory problems

Lead to ischaemia in diabetic retinopathy.

Retinal surgeon's concern

Assessing macula attachment is critical.

Vitreous haemorrhage

Bleeding into the vitreous cavity of the eye.

Retinal detachment

Separation of retina from underlying tissue.