motivation and emotions midterm

Placebo effect-

is when a person's physical or mental health appears to improve after taking a placebo or 'dummy' treatment. Placebo is Latin for 'I will please' and refers to a treatment that appears real, but is designed to have no therapeutic benefit.

Optimism-

the quality of being full of hope and emphasizing the good parts of a situation, or a belief that something good will happen.

Toxic optimism (positivity)-

the pressure to only display positive emotions, suppressing any negative emotions, feelings, reactions, or experiences. It invalidates human experience and can lead to trauma, isolation, and unhealthy coping mechanisms.

Learned optimism-

 

involves developing the ability to view the world from a positive point of view. It is often contrasted with learned helplessness. By challenging negative self-talk and replacing pessimistic thoughts with more positive ones, people can learn how to become more optimistic.

Learned helplessness-

is a state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly. They believe that they are unable to control or change the situation, so they do not try, even when opportunities for change are available.(example of buttefly in a jar)

PTG-

as a “positive psychological changes experienced as a result of the struggle with trauma or highly challenging situations”. This phenomenon should be considered not as an alternative, but as a parallel process with respect to negative psychological consequences.

Self-awareness-

is your ability to perceive and understand the things that make you who you are as an individual, including your personality, actions, values, beliefs, emotions, and thoughts.

A growth mindset-

is how much you believe your basic qualities, like intelligence and talent, can be changed or developed. A fixed mindset is how much you believe your basic qualities are fixed or permanent. I believe that everyone can learn something new and become good at it over time.

Fixed mindset-

type of mindset when you can’t learn anything new for better due to your past experience.

The social comparison process-

involves people coming to know themselves by evaluating their own attitudes, abilities, and traits in comparison with others. In most cases, we try to compare ourselves to those in our peer group or with whom we are similar.

Bounded rationality-

is a human decision-making process in which we attempt to satisfice, rather than optimize. In other words, we seek a decision that will be good enough, rather than the best possible decision.(buying a shirt in a mall)

Paradox of choice-

when you have a lot of choices so you can’t choose easy but also have difficulties to be satisfied.

Biopsychosocial model-

refers to the use of biological, psychological, and social principles to address human wellness and health. The Biopsychosocial (BPS) Model suggests that significant interaction among the three disciplines affect why and how distress or illness occurs. (example of biological aspect: lack of vitamin D leads to depression, people with high blood pressure tend to be more excited and energetic.)

Self-awareness –

the ability to know and understand oneself. Mirror self+ learn to say no to yourself and others.

Catharsis -

purification or purgation of the emotions (such as pity and fear) primarily through art.

Therapeutic communication-

was defined as an exchange between the patient and provider using verbal and non-verbal methods. The ultimate goal of this communication style was considered to help the patient overcome some form of emotional or psychological distress.

some technique of therapeutic communication

Asking Open-Ended Questions

Active Listening

Active Silence

Focusing

Paraphrasing And Restating

Reflecting

Acknowledging And Accepting

Providing Leads

Summarizing

Mindful Offering Of Self

Self-disclosure

is the process of passing on information about yourself to someone else – whether you intend to or not! The details can range from the superficial, such as your favorite food or TV show, to deeply personal information, such as religious beliefs, and big turning points in your private life.

The contact hypothesis

says that bringing members from different groups together will reduce prejudice. The idea is that exposure to others of different groups will reduce your prejudice for those groups.

While Gordon W. Allport is often credited with the development of the contact hypothesis, the idea that interpersonal contact could improve intergroup relations was not a novel one.

The halo effect

 

is a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character. Essentially, your overall impression of a person ("He is nice!") impacts your evaluations of that person's specific traits ("He is also smart!").

The horn effect

is a cognitive process in which we immediately ascribe negative attitudes or behaviours to someone based on one aspect of their appearance or character. A common example of this is overweight people, who unfortunately are often stereotyped as being lazy, slovenly or irresponsible.

The broaden-and-build theory -

in positive psychology suggests that positive emotions (such as happiness, and perhaps interest and anticipation) broaden one's awareness and encourage novel, exploratory thoughts and actions. Over time, this broadened behavioral repertoire builds useful skills and psychological resources. The theory was developed by Barbara Fredrickson around 1998.

Logotherapy -

was developed by neurologist and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl and is based on the premise that the primary motivational force of an individual is to find a meaning in life. Frankl describes it as "the Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy" along with Freud's psychoanalysis and Adler's individual psychology.

Secure attachment

refers to a bond where individuals feel safe, supported, and connected, enabling them to express emotions freely, seek comfort from their partner, and confidently explore their environment knowing they have a reliable base to return to.

The different attachment styles

Secure attachment.

Anxious (or ambivalent) attachment.

Avoidant-dismissive attachment.

Disorganized attachment.

Children who are ambivalently attached

tend to be extremely suspicious of strangers. These children display considerable distress when separated from a parent or caregiver but do not seem reassured or comforted by the parent's return.

Children with avoidant attachment

styles tend to avoid parents and caregivers. This avoidance often becomes especially pronounced after a period of absence.

Children with a disorganized-insecure attachment

style show a lack of clear attachment behavior. Their actions and responses to caregivers are often a mix of behaviors, including avoidance or resistance.

Happiness

is an emotional state characterized by feelings of joy, satisfaction, contentment, and fulfillment. While happiness has many different definitions, it is often described as involving positive emotions and life satisfaction.

Mindfulness

is the basic human ability to be fully present, aware of where we are and what we’re doing, and not overly reactive or overwhelmed by what’s going on around us.

Occupational therapy-

noun the use of particular activities as an aid to recuperation from physical or mental illness.

Compensation- 

is a psychological defense mechanism when a person tries to "make up for" a perceived area of weakness in their life.Compensation is a type of defense mechanism in which people overachieve in one area of their lives to compensate for failures in another.

Spaced learning-

is based on the concept that learning is enhanced when knowledge is repeated after certain intervals. Spaced learning breaks down long employee training programs into several sessions or modules of shorter durations, with spaced intervals in between.

Locus of control

is the degree to which people believe that they, as opposed to external forces (beyond their influence), have control over the outcome of events in their lives. The concept was developed by Julian B. Rotter in 1954, and has since become an aspect of personality psychology.

it could be called “excessive” or “inappropriate” aggression.

Ellis (1976) considered positive aggression to be healthy, productive behavior if it promoted the basic values of survival, protection, happiness, social acceptance, preservation, and intimate relations.

Social learning theory

is the philosophy that people can learn from each other through observation, imitation and modeling. The concept was theorized by psychologist Albert Bandura and combined ideas behind behaviorist and cognitive learning approaches.

Individualistic cultures

are those that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole. In this type of culture, people are seen as independent and autonomous. Social behavior tends to be dictated by the attitudes and preferences of individuals.

A collectivist culture

is one that's based on valuing the needs of a group or a community over the individual. Kinship, family, and community are extremely important. People tend to work together to create harmony and group cohesion is extremely valued.

Collective trauma

is the psychological distress that a group — usually an entire culture, community, or another large group of people — experience in response to a shared trauma.