The Biological Basic of Behavior - Neurons, The Nervous System

The Nervous System


the body's master control unit

1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

What are the two major parts of the Nervous System?

Central nervous system


consists of the brain and spinal cord

• Brain

• Spinal Cord

What does the Central Nervous System consists of?

Peripheral Nervous System


consists of the nerves that connect the central nervous system to sensory organs, muscles, and glands.

• the body's link to the outside world

The Brain


is divided into three major parts: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain.

• Hindbrain

• Midbrain

• Forebrain

What are the three divided parts of the brain?

The Endocrine System


consists of glands that release secretions, called hormones, directly into the bloodstream.

Genes and Behavior


The basic units of hereditary that contain an individual’s genetic code.

Neurotransmitters and Behavior


Chemical messengers that transport nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another.

• are chemicals that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

• play distinct roles in regulating behavior and mood.

Neurons

the basic building blocks of the nervous system

• are cells in the body that are specialized for transmitting information or messages in the form of electrical impulses.

• Soma

• Axon

• Terminal Buttons

• Neurotransmitters

• Synapse

• Dendrites

What are the structure of the neuron?

Soma

The cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus of the cell and carriers out the cell’s metabolic functions.

Axon

The tubelike part of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body toward other neurons.

Terminal buttons


swellings at the tips of axons from which neurotransmitters are dispatched into the synapse.

Dendrites

Rootlike structures at the end of axons that receive neural impulses from neighboring neurons.

1. Sensory neurons

2. Motor neurons

3. Interneurons


What are the three types of neurons

Sensory neurons


transmit information about the outside world to the spinal cord and brain.

• also called afferent neurons

Motor neurons


convey messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles that control the movements of your body. also convey messages to your glands, causing them to release hormones

• also called efferent neurons

Interneurons

are the most common type of neuron in the nervous system. They connect neurons to neurons.

• also called associative neurons

Nerve

is a bundle of axons from different neurons.

Glial cells


act as a kind of glue to hold neurons together.

• form the myelin sheath

Myelin sheath


a fatty layer of cells that—like the insulation that wraps around electrical wires—acts as a protective shield on many axons.

Nodes of Ranvier


the gaps in the myelin sheath of a nerve resemble a string of sausages that are pinched in at "the waist"

Autonomic Nervous System


automatically controls such involuntary bodily processes as heartbeat, respiration, and digestion.

Sympathetic Nervous System


accelerates bodily processes and releases stores of energy needed to meet increased physical demands.

• “fight or flight”

Parasympathetic Nervous System


replenishes bodily resources by promoting digestion and slowing down other bodily processes

• “rest or digest”

Somatic nervous system


the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of muscles and relays information between the central nervous system and sensory organs.

• Somatic Nervous System

• Automatic Nervous System


What does the Peripheral Nervous System consists of?

• Sympathetic Nervous System

• Parasympathetic Nervous System.


The Automatic Nervous system is divided into two branches:

• Spinal cord

• Spine

• Reflex

• Spinal Reflex


The Central Nervous System consists of?

Spinal cord


the column of nerves that transmits information between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.

Spine

the protective bony column that houses the spinal cord.

Reflex

the automatic, unlearned response to stimuli

Spinal Reflex


a reflex controlled at the level of the spinal cord that may involve as few of the two neurons.

• The Knee-Jerk Reflex

• The Withdrawal Reflexes

Anatomy of the Spinal Reflex