Twentieth Century and the World Midterm Exam

The "new imperialism"

The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

Thomas Edward Lawrence

British officer who led an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire

Jean Jaurès

Leader of French socialism; looked to the French revolutionary tradition rather than Marxism to justify revolutionary socialism

Arms Race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

Battle of the Somme

A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare.

Schlieffen Plan

A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

The October Revolution

Bolsheviks led by Leon Trotsky and Lenin claimed power in name of the soviets and proclaimed a full-scale revolution with support of workers and troops

Brest-Litovsk

treaty making peace between Germany and Russia

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army

Anastasia Romanov

Youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II, the last sovereign of Imperial Russia, and his wife, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna.

III Communist International

political international which existed from 1919 to 1943 and advocated world communism.

The "mutilated victory"

The feeling in Italy that she hadn't gained all she deserved, even though she had gained almost all of what was promised at the Treaty of London 1915. Didn't gain Dalmatia, Fiume, African/Middle Eastern colonies

The Black Shirts

A private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy.

The March on Rome

Event in 1922 that displaces King Victor Emmaneul and establishes Mussolini as leader of Italy

Matteotti's Murder

anti-Fascist socialist was killed by squadrisimo (fascist militia), the people demanded a ban of the squadrisimo, so 150 deputies in power resigned in protest which gave Mussolini more power and allowed him to rule by decree

The Ethiopian War

(1935-36), an armed conflict that resulted in Ethiopia's subjection to Italian rule.

The Lateran Agreements

agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, settling the "Roman Question"

The Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

NDSAP

(Nationalsozialistische deutsche Arbeiterpartei) National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nazi Party.

Hermann Göring

A Nazi politician and president of the Reichstag

Berlin Olympic Games

an international multi-sport event held from 1 to 16 August 1936 in Berlin, then capital of Nazi Germany

Sudetenland

an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler

Anschluss

Union of Austria and Germany

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Tennessee Valley Authority

New Deal program that built dams to control flooding and produce cheap electric power

Popular Fronts

Coalition governments that joined democracies with Communist parties in a Communist effort to stay safe from Nazism and fascism

International Brigades

Antifascist volunteers from France, Britain, and the United States who participated in the Spanish Civil War.

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

Guernica

a Spanish town that was brutally bombed and was full of innocent civilians it was supposed to encourage fear, Picasso painted a famous painting capturing Guernica

Five-Year Plan (USSR)

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

The Purges

Joseph Stalin's policy of exiling or killing millions of his opponents in the Soviet Union.

NKVD

(Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del - People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs) Stalin's secret police

Holodomor

a man-made famine-genocide in which the USSR starved the people of Ukraine; killed millions

The Munich Accord

Great Britain and France agreed to Hitler's takeover of the Sudentenland in Czechoslavakia because Hitler said he would not take over any more territory in Europe/ HItler lied

Pact of Steel

May 1939 - Italy and Germany; turned the Rome-Beline axis into a full scale military and political alliance, an aggressive agreement

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Russian and German non aggression agreement, not to attack each other, also, divide up Poland

Drôle de guerre

(Phoney War) the period at the beginning of the Second World War between the declaration of war by the United Kingdom and France (the Allies) on Nazi Germany on 18 September 1840.September 3, 1939and the German offensive ofMay 10, 1940in the European theatre of conflict.

Vichy

City in central France where a puppet state governed unoccupied France and the French colonies

El Alamein

Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. (p. 793)

Siege of Leningrad

German forces surrounded this Russian city, cutting off supplies. About one million people died of starvation and cold weather

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

Georgy Zhukov

Soviet officer who led the defense against Germany during Germany's Soviet invasion.

The Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

The Wannsee Conference

1942 conference in Germany concerning the plan to murder European Jews

The Fall of Berlin

In April 1945, surrounded by Allies to southwest & Soviet Red Army to the east, Hitler committed suicide with wife Eva Braun & the Third Reich surrendered