Important People - Semester 1 APUSH

Chapters 2-14

Philip II

king of Spain in the 1550s-1600, tried to spread Catholicism and get rid of the oppositions; led to Dutch Republic declaring independence

King Henry VIII

opposed Protestantism and became the new head of Church after the pope refused to end marriage with a Spanish Princess

Elizabeth I

Queen of England from 1550s-1600, daughter of King Henry VIII; more accepting of Protestantism than her father, but mainly promoted Catholicism; hired Francis Drake to increase aggression to Spanish ships

Francis Drake

a notorious English seaman who was hired by Queen Elizabeth I to plunder Spanish ships; defeated the Spanish Armada and helped expand England’s power

Powhatan

leader of the natives from 1590s-1620s, expected a two way tribute between the colonists and the natives; angered by the colonist’s arrival only to invade their land and people

John Rolfe and Pocahontas

a famous English-Native couple that hoped to ease tensions between the colonists and the natives

John Rolfe

married Pocahontas to ease tensions between colonists and natives; discovered tobacco in Virginia

Opechancanough

successor of Powhatan; refused to make any treaties with the English settlers; opposed Native Americans being taught Christianity; began the Indian War of 1622 by attacking and killing half of the English settlers

Lord Baltimore

created Maryland as a safe place for Catholics after Charles I granted a charter

Champlain

founded the fur trading post of Quebec; provided manufactured goods to the Natives in return for beaver and otter pelts

King Louis XIV

made new France a royal colony, increasing migration of indentured servants and migration overall via military service

Henry Hudson

explored America; increased trade with some Native American groups; worked with the West India Company to found New Netherland and New Amsterdam

William Bradford

leader of the Pilgrims, created the Mayflower Compact as a means to create a self governing religious congregation

John Winthrop

first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony via a joint stock corporation, leading the Puritans to create a “City Upon a Hill”, decreasing religious tolerance after

Roger Williams

advocated for tolerance and questioned the Puritan’s seizure of native lands; exiled Rhode Island and founded Providence and Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson

believed in covenant of grace, rather than covenant of works; behaving well would not get you to salvation; exiled to Rhode Island for her beliefs and gender

Oliver Cromwell

a British general in the Puritan Revolution; beheaded King Charles I and created a republican commonwealth

Metacom

Wampanoag leader; led Metacom’s War after Puritans accused Natives of violating English property, where the natives lost and bound into one tribe

William Berkeley

governor of Virginia; tried to consolidate power by giving land grants to members of his council and exempt them from taxes (corruption)

Bacon

leader of rebels but opposed by Berkeley for his opposing view on natives; led Bacon’s Rebellion by teaming up with his neighbors to attack the natives; his followers quickly freed him and created a new House of Burgesses

Charles II

established English power throughout Asia and America, even when others had already claimed that land; gave New Netherland to his brother after capturing it, New Jersey to proprietors, and Pennsylvania to William Penn

William Penn

founded Pennsylvania, a safe haven for Quakers/Society of Friends, after receiving the grant from Charles II; Frame of Government allowed for religious tolerance and political equality

James II

wanted more control over the colonies and revoked charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island, creating the Dominion of New England

Governor Andros

banned town meetings and encouraged public worship in the Church of England; angered the Puritans who lost land granted by the Massachusetts Bay Charter; was later captured by the Puritans to end the Dominion of New England

William of Orange

Protestant Dutch prince married to James II’s daughter, leading the Glorious Revolution, a coup against James II; goals included gaining resources via wars by increasing alliances with Natives

William Byrd II

sent to England to try to marry into the English gentry and gain an education, but was shunned by classmates for being a colonist; lacked aristocratic connections, and began the Southern Gentry

King George I and II

allowed American self governments to become royal bureaucrats, allowing for more internal affairs and encouraging salutary neglect

Robert Walpole

ruler of the Whigs, developed patronage to create salutary neglect via placing people uninterested in government in charge; directly led to the War on Jenkin’s Ear and and indirectly strengthened representative assemblies

John Locke

enlightenment thinking that argued that characters of individuals could be changed with education, rational thought, and purposeful education; people had to preserve natural rights, including life, liberty, and property; argued that slavery doesn’t allow for growth, leading to abolitionist ideas

Benjamin Franklin

encouraged Deism, the idea that God created the world but that it was left to operate via natural laws; created the Albany Plan of Union, which promised a continental assembly for trade, native policies, and colonial defense; argued that the colonists deserved seats in the Parliament because of the heavy taxes implemented; argued that colonies were separate states but with the same king; encouraged being a self made man, seeking success via temperance and hard work

Jonathan Edwards

preacher of the First Great Awakening, encouraging spread of the Pietist movement

George Whitefield

worked alongside Edwards to give vibrant sermons that gave life to the Great Awakening

George Washington

a military general in the French and Indian War and general of the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War; quickly gained popularity through his repeated victories; elected to be the first president of the United States; created a militia to put down the Whiskey Rebellion, highlighting the power of a central government

William Pitt

British architect for the 7 Years War, equipping most soldiers with arms and equipment, costing lots of money per year; persuaded attacks on Fort Beausejour; hoped to cripple France by seizing colonies; hoped that Parliament would renounce the power to tax colonies

Pontiac

gathered Native American groups to lead a major uprising, which ultimately failed, and led to the Proclamation Line of 1763

George Grenville

Prime Minister of Great Britain; passed the Currency Act of 1764 which banned use of paper money to repay merchants (only allowed for British Pounds), Sugar Act of 1764 which increased enforcement of duties but decreased price, Stamp Act of 1765 which required a stamp on every paper

George III

King of Britain that used Stamp Acts to destroy American freedoms

John Adams

encouraged revolts by the Sons of Liberty; created the continental army for the Revolutionary War and placed George Washington in charge; denounced the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 because it allowed anyone to take office; believed in a bicameral legislature and supported Montesquieu’s three branches of government; served as the first vice president and the second president, continuing Hamilton’s policies; released the Alien, Sedition, and Naturalization Acts which were essentially nativist and sparked tyranny

John Dickinson

wrote letters to encourage going against taxation; drafted and urged the sending of the Olive Branch Petition; authored the Articles of Confederation

James Madison

helped put a stop to revolts against the abolishment of slavery pre-Revolutionary War; advocated for a stronger central government during the Philadelphia Convention; devised the Virginia Plan to create a stronger national government; assisted with The Federalist Papers; suggested 19 amendments, 10 of which became the Bill of Rights, easing the Antifederalists; switched to an Democratic Republicans after Hamilton overstepped boundaries with the national bank; helped author the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, deeming the Alien and Sedition acts to be void; elected as the fourth president of the United States and tried new economic restrictions that failed to protect commerce; declared war on Britain in 1812, after being coerced by War Hawks; vetoed bills that created national fund for roads and internal improvements

Lord Rockingham

replaced the Stamp Act with the Declaratory Act of 1766, which allowed the British to impose any taxes that they wanted

Charles Townshend

cruel towards America; created the Townshend Act of 1767 which placed duties on al colonial imports, based on their salaries

Lord North

British Prime Minister that repealed the Townshend Acts to improve the British Economy, but kept Tea Acts to show supremacy over America

Lord Dunmore

royal governor of Virginia that consistently disagreed with the House of Burgesses; led a militia and began Dunmore’s War against the Shawnees; led the Ethiopian Regiment and Queen’s Own Loyal Virginians, which scared Patriots into wanting a complete break from Britain; issued Dunmore’s Proclamation that claimed all indentured servants and slaves that assisted the British in the war would be guaranteed freedom

General Thomas Gage

a British general in the Revolutionary War that tried to seize patriot armories; dispatched soldiers to try to capture colonial leaders and supplies on April 18, 1775, though was stopped by Paul Revere’s warning

Thomas Paine

published Common Sense, a book that called for independence and a republican form of government, which gained many supporter

Thomas Jefferson

a main writer that vilified George III and justified independence and republicanism and that there were unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and the social contract; head of Department of State; helped author the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, deeming Alien and Sedition acts void; served as the third president; abused his power of presidency by buying the Louisiana Purchase, despite his ideas of a weak central government; created the Embargo Act of 1807, which hurt American Economy

General William Howe

Loyalist general that opposed the Coercive Acts and wanted compromise between the colonies and Britain; intended to help at Saratoga, but instead chose to attack Philadelphia, directly leading to the British defeat at Saratoga

General John Burgoyne

Loyalist general that helped achieve isolation of New England with help from the Iroquois and General Howe in the Revolutionary War

General Horatio Gates

Patriot general that helped secure the Battle of Saratoga, becoming the turning point of the war;

Robert Morris

collected funds from states and loans from other countries during the Revolutionary War and essentially served as the treasurer during the war; persuaded Congress to charter the Bank of North America post Revolutionary War in hopes of stabilizing the inflated economy; advocated for life terms of senators, property qualifications for voting, a strong president, and condemned slavery

Baron von Steuben

helped train American soldiers with a strict drill during after the Continental Army retreated to Valley Forge

General Charles Cornwallis

Loyalist general in the Revolutionary war that helped take control of South Carolina; got surrounded at the Battle of Yorktown, leading to a British surrender, being the final point of the War

General Nathanael Greene

Patriot general that hoped to divide militia men into small groups with strong leaders to flank the less mobile British; recaptured the Carolinas from Cornwallis

Benedict Arnold

a Patriot general that was famous for betraying the Continental Army, and secretly working with the British

Daniel Shays

a Continental army veteran that started a full scale revolt similar to resistance to the Stamp Act; the rebellion highlighted the inability of the Articles of Confederation to create a militia and how American oppressors just replaced British tyrants

Alexander Hamilton

attended the Philadelphia Convention and advocated for a stronger self government; helped author The Federalist Papers; Secretary of Treasury; created plans for national authority via Report on the Public Credit (government takes all debts), made a national bank to stabilize the economy, and decreased debt via higher tariffs; created the divide between the Hamiltonians and Democratic Republicans; shamed Burr in the election of 1800, allowing for a key victory for Jefferson; assassinated by Burr

John Jay

helped author The Federalist Papers; negotiated with Britain to sign Jay’s Treaty, which allowed Britain to stop US ships and forced Americans to pay the pre-Revolutionary War debts, and removed British and Indian troops from the Northwest Ordinance land

Toussaint L’Ouverture

started the Haitian revolution, intended to abolish slavery; created conflicts between Adams who supported the revolution, and Jefferson who cut off American aid to them

Aaron Burr

ran for election in 1800 and lost because Hamilton persuaded the House of Representatives to instead vote for Jefferson; served as vice president under Jefferson and tried to encourage secession of southern states; murdered Hamilton after fearing western expansion

Eli Whitney

inventor of the cotton gin, lead to immigration towards Georgia and Alabama for those in seek of growing economically via cotton; allowed for production to spread and industrial goods to sell throughout Europe

John Marshall

served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; served in Marbury v. Madison, voiding the Judiciary Act of 1789 and asserting the idea of Judicial Review; continued Federalist policies even after the Federalist party died out; served in McCulloch v. Maryland, where Marshall argued that the Second Bank was constitutional because it was necessary and proper; served in Gibbons v. Ogden, allowing regulation of interstate commerce; declared Cherokees a domestic and dependent nation until revoked in Worcester v. Georgia, where Cherokees were not subject to state law and that Cherokees were a sovereign nation

Lewis and Clark

commissioned by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory, completing the report in 1806; found natives asking for weapons to defend themselves

William Henry Harrison

victor in the Battle of Tippecanoe and killer of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa in the Battle of the Thames; elected as a Whig candidate, especially since he resembled Jackson as a self made man; died immediately after getting elected; Log Cabin Campaign was the first time that anyone had openly campaigned for themself, specifically as a self made man, to such a high extent

Andrew Jackson

won in the Battle of New Orleans, being crowned a national hero; ran for election in 1824 but lost due to the Corrupt Bargain, despite gaining the majority of the popular votes; advocated for himself as a self made man; created the highly controversial Tariff of Abominations which left southern planters broke; created the Democrat party, fighting for equality and became the 7th president; first goal as president was to destroy the American System; vetoed the recharter of the Second National Bank; created the Force Bill after SC declared nullification, threatening military action if they refused to pay tariffs; created the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which placed Indian Territory in the Louisiana Purchase and forced them onto the Trail of Tears; appointed Taney as Marshall’s successor to Supreme Court; blamed for the Panic of 1837 after destroying the national bank

Henry Clay

leading of the National Republicans, pursuing Federalist-like policies; created the Second Bank of the United States; created the American Colonization Society that argued that slaves should be freed and resettled in Africa; created the Missouri Compromise, the idea that Maine would enter as a free state and Missouri would be a slave state, and drew the Compromise Line, banning slavery above the latitude 36 degree line; advocated for the American System, which highlighted internal improvements, raising of tariffs, and strengthening of the Second Bank of the United States; committed the Corrupt Bargain with Quincy Adams in the election of 1824; tried to apply for early extension of the charter of the national bank to split the Democrats, but Jackson chose not to recharter it, leading to Jackson’s reelection; founded the Whig Party; rejected the annexation of Texas because of the fear of slavery; helped author the Compromise of 1850, which reenforced the Fugitive Slave Act, banned trading of slaves in D.C., added California as a free state, resolved boundary disputes in New Mexico and Texas, and organized Mexican lands

John Quincy Adams

joined the Democratic Republican party; served as secretary of state under Monroe; gained popularity for helping negotiate the treaty of Ghent; negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, where US obtained Florida and compromised boundaries of Louisiana; won the Election of 1824, since he served as secretary of state prior; committed the Corrupt Bargain in the election of 1824, where Henry Clay used his power as Speaker of the House to support Adams; treated natives with respect which left him highly controversial

James Monroe

served as the fifth president of the United States during the Era of Good Feelings; wrote the Monroe Doctrine which claimed that the American continents were not to be further colonized after being persuaded by Quincy Adams

John Jacob Astor

one of the first millionaires in the United States; gained a fortune from trading furs and real estate

Robert Oliver

one of the first millionaires in the Untied States; gained a fortune via trading sugar and coffee

Richard Allen

a formerly enslaved black that began a minister and abolitionist; founded the first independent African American religious denomination, called the Bethel Church

Lyman Beecher

argued that people had a natural tendency to sin, but that men and women could choose God; Presbyterian minister that tried to reduce alcohol consumption and the working classes’ lives

Samuel Hopkins

began the benevolence movement

Reverend Ezra Stiles Ely

encouraged an evangelical Christian Nation during the Second Great Awakening; advocated for temperance and the American Colonization Society

Jemima Wilkinson

a woman who dressed as a male and tried to spread Calvinist ideas

Mother Ann Lee

attracted numerous recruits to Shaker communities; founded Shaker communities after realizing she was a reincarnation of Christ; abstained from alcohol, tobacco, politics, war, sex, and marriage; Shaker communities relied on orphans to increase their numbers

Emma Willard

advocated for more girl's academies

Samuel Slater

a British man who smuggled the blueprint for creating cotton spinning machines to the Americas

Francis Cabot Lowell

a Boston merchant who made drawings of British textile mills, founding the Boston Manufacturing Company; created a system known as the Waltham-Lowell System, which placed all parts of production in one place and focused on hiring women as they were cheaper

Robert Fulton

developed the first American steamboat, ensuring the success of the Erie Canal

John Deere

created a factory that made steel plows a lot stronger, allowing for cutting of thick sods; inspired others to create more agricultural innovations and relied on mass production to create goods

Charles Grandison Finney

a Protestant preacher who began as a lawyer; strongly hated Calvinists; believed that anyone who converted would be forgiven; tried to convert people of all social classes

Jefferson Davis

a Mississippian who became the Confederacy’s president; previously served as a senator and secretary of war; argued that his goals were to maintain the South’s land, and claimed that he didn’t want to expand slavery; ruled out emancipation, which lost the Confederacy European allies; began running out of supplies during the Civil War because of the egalitarian beliefs; relied on King Cotton, making their economy a lot worse during the Civil War; eventually had to take control from state governments because of the total war, though a lack of taxes made it hard to achieve anything; began losing popularity after the large defeats at Vicksburg and Gettysburg

John Crittenden

a Kentucky senator that proposed the Crittenden Compromise, which protected slavery from federal interference where it existed and extended the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific; the Crittenden Compromise was denied since Lincoln feared the rise of imperialism

Martin Van Buren

the eighth president of the United States, serving as a Democrat; called the little Magician; believed in a Spoils System AKA patronage; created the Tariff of Abominations which left many southerners broke; wanted to bring back Jefferson’s agrarian ideals; fully supported Federalist No. 10, hoping to stop antislavery in the north; served as secretary of state under Jackson; served as the 8th president, where he was a “political machine”; blamed for the Panic of 1837 after British cut their imports from the US to gain more power, and many tried to extract specie from state banks, which quickly ran out; feared issues of slavery and thus rejected the annexation of Texas

John C. Calhoun

served a senator during the Election of 1828 and got supporters into Van Buren’s parties; accused Quincy Adams and Clay of creating the corrupt bargain; wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest arguing that different regions had different interests and that protective tariffs were unconstitutional; founded the Whig Party; helped the south reject high tariffs and social mobility, hoping to unite against the working class; tried to make a treaty for the annexation of Texas; advocated that slavery follows the flag, the ideas that planters could take slaves into new properties, essentially making a free state just a name

Roger B. Taney

appointed as attorney general and treasury secretary under Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet; redistributed federal government’s gold and silver into pet banks; appointed as Supreme Court Justice after Marshall; limited the nationalistic interpretation and instead enhanced roles of state governments; served in Dred Scott v. Sandford, where he argued that blacks couldn’t be citizens, Congress couldn’t take property without due process, and that the Missouri Compromise and Northwest Ordinance were not constitutional

Daniel Webster

founder of the Whig party; participated in the Webster-Hayne Debates, where he supported the contract theory, giving power to the people and federal government; focused on gaining Whig popularity in the middle class North since they favored Whigs, allowing him to take control of the House of Representatives

John Tyler

served as a Whig after opposing Jackson from the nullification, but embraced Democrat ideals, like trying to destroy the Second Bank and American System; supported claims to Oregon and tried to annex Texas before the 1844 election

Ralph Waldo Emerson

encouraged transcendentalism, a movement embracing passion and deeper insight to find out the infinite and eternity; wrote several essays; supported by Charles Grandison Finney; indirectly caused the creation of Brook Farm, a failing utopia

Henry David Thoreau

inspired by Emerson to publish Walden, encouraging individual beliefs and avoidance of social norms

Margaret Fuller

encouraged ideas that anyone could have mystical relationships with god; inspired female writers and reformers; created a discussion group for educated Boston women

Walt Whitman

publicist for the Democratic Party; encouraged transcending boundaries of community, solitude; encouraged strong communication

Alexis de Tocqueville

cautioned against tyranny of the majority and rise of individualism

Charles Fourier

devised an eight stage theory of social evolution and predicted the fall of individualism and capitalism

John Humphrey Noyes

supported the Shakers; wanted to redefine sexuality and gender roles in his Oneida Communities; spread perfectionism, the idea that Christ returned to Earth and thus people could try to attain perfection

Joseph Smith

the main leader of the Mormons; supported traditional social doctrines; encouraged patriarchal society, individual success, and communal discipline; wanted to encourage primitive Christianity and moral perfection

Brigham Young

the main leader after Joseph Smith’s death, leading the Mormons to Utah where they started agricultural communities; resisted federal law after President Buchanan tried to stop Mormons in fear of the end of slavery

David Walker

a free black who moved to Boston and wrote pamphlets that condemned slave holders; mainly, he warned about rebellions and slave revolts

Nat Turner

a slave in Virginia that led to the Turner Rebellion, which ultimately led to increased severity of slave codes, black movement, and education