practical research 1

surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works.

literature review

designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits into the larger field of study.

literature review

3 purposes of reviewing a literature

1. It provides the researcher a clear understanding of the study to be investigated.

2. It  justifies  the  need  for  conducting  the  study.

3. It serves as the basis for establishing concepts presented in the study.

conducting a review of literature (3)

1. Decide on the area of research.

2. Search for the literature

3. Find relevant excerpts in books and articles.

there are 4 types of reading according to?

wilson (1990)

4 types of reading

• elementary reading

• systematic reading

• comparative reading

• code the literature

this type of reading pertains to word-recognition type of reading wherein sentences are literally comprehended

elementary reading

this type of reading employs skimming strategy wherein the  researcher-reader  may  focus  on  the  highlighted  terms  in  the  sample source manuscript

systematic reading

this type of reading considers two or more scholarly works which will be analyzed for comparing-contrasting purposes.

comparative reading

themes can be categorized from the similarities to the differences found among those relevant works.

code the literature

tools for reading and reviewing purposes (2)

• highlighting

• annotation

this tool uses marks and symbols that will help the researcher to easily revisit the important ideas found in a scholarly work. 

highlighting

this tool uses words, phrases, and sentences which serve as written remarks of the researcher reflecting his/her understanding and questions regarding the scholarly work

annotation

is a compilation of studies related to a specific area of research

review of related literature

according to them, RRL is a compilation of studies related to a specific area of research

(Fraenkel & Wallen, 2020)

evaluates, classifies and summarizes all the relevant previous studies conducted on a specified topic.

review of related literature

three ways of using literature review in the discussion of your study

• providing context as a foundation to develop your ideas

• comparing your findings from other previous related studies

• stating what contribution your study has made in the field

purpose of the literature review (2)

• To identify more theories or concepts as the foundation of your research study and to learn from them.

• To discover the connection of your research to the existing body of knowledge and to the real-life situations.

structure of literature review (3)

• introduction

• main body

• conclusion

somehow presents the fundamental idea of the particular study of the literature review.

intoduction

consists of the organized discussion of sources. This is where you summarize and synthesize your literature review and reflect how they are related to your study.

main body

emphasize what you have learned from reviewing the literature and where your study leads to

conclusion

types of literature review (6)

1. context review

2. historical review

3. integrative review

4. methodological review

5. self-study review

6. theoretical review

is primarily focused on the content or contextual aspect of research

context review

a specialized type of literature review in which the researcher organizes the related research according to the period of time it was conducted

historical review

emphasizes the agreements and disagreements of knowledge among various previous research

integrative review

a specialized type of literature review in which the researcher gathers, compares and contrasts other studies to the current research.

methodological review

a literature review in which the researcher demonstrates his or her understanding of a specific body of knowledge

self-study review

a literature review in which the researcher introduces several theories or concepts that are focused on a specific topic

theoretical review

types of sources for a literature review (6)

• books

• scholarly journals

• dissertations

• government documents

• policy reports and presented papers

• periodicals

this contains a collection of research materials and articles.

books

filled with peer-reviewed information of research

scholarly journals

a final requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in which the student or researcher has to complete a work of original research

dissertations

usually kept at the government and some school libraries.

government documents

a document that provides information, analysis, and recommendations on a specific issue or problem to inform decision-makers.

policy reports and presented papers

are findings of the study which can be seen in newspapers, in popular magazines, on television or radio broadcasts, and in Internet news summaries.

periodicals

in-text citation and referencing styles (4)

• citation

• in-text citation

• reference

• bibliography

a reference to a literature being used in your study

citation

It is a way of giving acknowledgement to the authors whom you have referred their intellectual works and creativity as a support or foundation of your research

citation

a brief reference to a source that appears in the body of your text

in-text citation

It usually includes the author's last name and the year of publication.

in-text citation

a way to acknowledge the sources of information used in a paper

reference

a list of sources used in research, such as books, articles, and websites

bibliography

ODV

operational definition of variables

also called as operational definition of variables (ODV)

definition of terms

refers to “how the word/term was used in the study

operational

are the elements essential to the study

variables

2 ways in defining terms

• technical/conceptual definition

• operational definition

the meaning of the term that is based on how it is defined in the dictionary or encyclopedia

technical/conceptual definition

is the meaning of the term based on how it was used in the study

operational definition

2 cases in which important terms need to be defines

1. If the term is not common or widely known

2. If the term has a specific or unique meaning in the context of the study

guidelines on how to write the definition of terms (10)

1. Write a brief introductory statement. It must shortly describe the content of the definition of terms.

2. List/write the words/terms (which are technical) that would be included

3. The terms should be arranged alphabetically.

4. The terms should be arranged alphabetically.

5. It can be underlined or not.

6. It can be underlined or not.

7. It does not have to be lengthy (direct to the point).

8. Acronym/initials should be defined clearly.

9. Do not overflow with technical terms (only those relevant and significant to the study).

10. Keep the definition brief and basic. You will elaborate on it more in the body of your paper.