223 Practical 1

superior

above

inferior

below

cranial

towards head

caudal

towards feet

anterior

front

posterior

behind

ventral

front

dorsal

back

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

distal

further from limb attachment or far from center

proximal

closer to limb attachment or close to center

medial

close to midline

lateral

far from midline

anatomical position

standing erect with palms supinated

cephalic

towards head

nasal

nose area

buccal

cheek area

cervical

neck spine area

axillary

armpit area

brachial

upper arm bicep area

antebrachial

forearm area

carpal

wrist area

palmar

palm area

antecubital

elbow crook area

patellar

knee area

umbilical

belly button area

inguinal

top left/right of genitals

femoral

thigh area

popliteal

back knee area (pop that knee baby)

calcaneal

heel area

lumbar

back spine area

gluteal

butt area

coxal

hip area

plantar

bottom of feet area

crural

shin area

sural

calf area

tarsal

ankle area

pubic

genital area

acrominal

top shoulder area

abdominal

abs area

frontal/coronal plane

plane like a blanket

sagittal (midsagittal) plane

chops dick in half

transverse

cut in half with a sword plane

hypochondriac area

top left and top right of belly button

epigastric area

above belly betton

lumbar abdominal region

left and right of belly button

inguinals

left and right of genitals above a little

cranial cavities

brain

Abdominal cavity

just abs

Abdominopelvic cavity

abdomen and pelvic cavity

mediastinum

top of chest between two lungs

pelvic cavity

groin cavity

pericardial cavity

where heart is in the middle of lungs

pleural cavity

lung cavities

thoracic cavity

contains mediastinum, pericardial, and pleural cavity

vertebral cavity

spine behind neck cavity

visceral pleural

inner lining of lung cavity

parietal mediastinum

outside of middle top chest cavity

Simple squamous epithelium - definition, location, function

One layer flattened cells

lung alveoli, lining blood vessels, mesothelium (lining of body cavities), kidneys

diffusion, filtration, absorption, secretion

Simple cuboidal epithelium - definition, location, function

One layer cube cells

kidney tubules, glands, gland ducts

secretion and absorption

Simple columnar epithelium - definition, location, function

One layer column cells

digestive tract and uterus

abosption, secretion, protection

Transitional epithelium - definition, location, function

Mix of both, different shapes

repeatedly stretch without being damaged

bladder, ureters

Stratified squamous epithelium - definition, location, function

layered squamous

protection against outside, dehydration

skin (keratanized), mouth, vagina

Stratified cuboidal epithelium - definition, location, function

layered square cells

sweat glands and other large ducts

protection and secretion

Stratified columnar - definition, location, function

layered column cells

protection and secretion

male urethra, large ducts

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - definition, location, function

Looks like layered column cells but all of them touch the basement, has cilia and goblet cells

respiratory tract

secretion and movement of mucus, protection

Hyaline - type, look, function, location

Cartilagect

Glassy with lacunae, no visible fibers, most common

Provides support, cushioning, and smooth surfaces for joint movements

Nose, trachea, covering ends of bones at joints

Elastic - type, look, function, location

Cartilage ct

fibers running in all directions with lacunae

provides flexible support and maintains shape allowing bending

ear, auditory tubes

Fibrocartilage - type, look, function, location

cartilage CT

fibers are parallel with lacunae in rows

resists compression and tension, absorb shock

intevertebral discs, menisci of knee

Compact bone - type, look, function, location

compact bone ct

Rings, circular osteons, concentric lamella (rings), canaliculi are branches in it that are channels for nutrients

provides support, protection, strength, storage for minerals, attatches to muscles

outer layer of all bones

Dense regular - type, look, function, location

Dense regular CT

dense tightly packed parallel collagen fibers, few fibroblast nuclei, wavy, nucleui smashed inbetween fibers

provides strong attachment and withstands tension for one direction

tendons and ligaments

Dense Irregular - type, look, function, location

Dense Irregular CT

Dense collagen running all over, looks like hamburger meat

For tension in all directions

Dermis, joint capsules, viscera

Areolar - type, look, function, location

Areolar CT

Loose fibers running all over, fibers go across entire slides

Wraps organs, binds tissues, pathway for blood vessels

Under epithelia, around vessels and nerves, between organs, beneath skin

Reticular - type, look, function, location

Reticular CT

branching tree like network with many cells, tree network doesn’t go across entire slides

framework for cells and organs

lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen and lymphatic system

Adipose - type, look, function, location

Adipose CT

Look mostly white cause filled with fat, all touch each other

Fat/energy storage, insulation

Under skin, around kidneys, breasts, abdominopelvic cavity

Blood - type, look, function, location

Blood CT

Bunch of small red cells and larger white blood cells (leukocytes)

Transport gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, heat, and clotting

blood vessels and chambers of the heart

Skeletal - type, look, function, location

Skeletal muscle

very striated. multinucleate

bodily movement

atttatched to skeleton via dense regulat CT

Cardiac - type, look, function, location

Cardiac muscle

Has little crossroads, intercalated discs, striated slightly

controls beating of heart

found in heart

Smooth - type, look, function, location

Smooth muscle

Non striated, nucleus in muscle cells, nuclei point in direction of muscle

involuntary contractions, moves/regulates flow of internal organs

organs with hollow interiors like stomach, intestines, blood vessels, bladder, uterus, airwaysN

Neural - type, look, function, location

Neurons + glia

Main cell with branching paths, small dots near it are glia

Transmission of electrochemical signals

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

Chondroctyes

Cells found in the lacunae of cartilage

Serous membrane

aka Serosa, secretes serous fluid which reduces frictions between organs and surrounding structures

Line all the body cavities like pericardium and peritoneum

Pleura

Serous membrane covering pleural cavities

Pericardium

Serosa surrounding heart cavity

Peritoneum

Serosa surrounding peritoneal cavity and covers abdominal organs