UWEC Soc. 101 Exam 2

socialization

how we become who we are

the forbidden experiment

babies: some have nurture, others don't

Feral Children

haven't had training or care to be socially "normal"

twin studies

identical twins who were separated at a young age (Jack and Oskar)

Jack and Oskar conclusion

the limits of certain and physical and mental abilities are established by heredity but basic orientations to life such as attitudes are the result of environment

heredity is blueprint

environment can redraw lines

Charles Horton Cooley
George Herbert Mead
Irving Goffman

symbolic interactionists theories on self development and socialization

The looking-glass self (Cooley)

we imagine the way we appear to others
we then imagine others judgment of that appearance
we react to that imaged judgment

Role Taking (Mead)

stages of development of self
imitation
play stage
game stage

imitation

infant mimic behavior

play stage

taking role of significant other

game stage

taking role of generalized others

thomas theorem

if individuals perceive a situation as real, it is real in its consequences

default assumptions

something that's true almost all the time

presentation of self

we have multiple selves and choose the self that is best for the situation

managing impressions

strategically hid things and highlight other aspects

Ervan Goffman- Dramaturgy

we take on roles
two places: front stage and back stage

front stage

people maintain appropriate impressions

back stage

people allow themselves to let their guard down

spoiled identities

embarrassment

remedies for spoiled identities

account, disclaimer, cooling out

account

explain away embarrassment

disclaimer

statement made prior to behavior to prevent complaints

cooling out

persuading someone who has lost face to accept a lesser identity

gender identity

how you feel inside

gender expression

what you put out there

biological sex

what you are based on parts

attraction

male, female, no one, anyone

gender role socialization

begins at birth based on biological sex and shapes interests and abilities which impact future roles

type of socialization experiences

-mainstream "white" culture
-ones minority status
-bias and how to respond ethnoracial cultural heritage

patterns of socialization

they vary by class

working class

emphasize conformity and respect for authority

middle/upper class

emphasize independence and curiosity

Milligram's obedience study

teacher or student
overtime learner misses you give a shock increasing every time

65%

how many people will go up to 450 volts knowing they are hearing someone?

Asch's conformity studies

1/3 participants conformed all the time
25% never conformed
75% conformed at least once

conditions affecting conformity

unanimity of majority
attraction to group
commitment to future interaction
level of competence relative to group

disposition

individual personality/attitude

situation

effects of the environment

conditions that contribute to groupthink

1. crisis situation
2. highly cohesive group
3. insulation of group members from judgments and criticisms
4. leader who actively promotes own solution

Deviance

a behavior that violates a norm

crime

a behavior that violates a formalized norm

social conflict approach

norms and laws reflect the interests of the rich, rich and powerful people have the means to avoid the criminal label

cost of white collar/ corporate crime

billions to 3 trillion dollars

burglary and robbery costs

3.5 billion

gov't defrauded

100 billion

white collar criminals arrested

40% likely to have cases dismissed and more likely not to put up bail and to be given probation

labeling theory

deviance is the consequence of the application of rules and sanctions to an offender; deviant is individual who has been successfully labelled

stigma

a powerfully negative social label that can dramatically change a persons self identity

structural functionalists

affirms cultural values and norms, reaction to deviance clarifies moral boundaries and promotes social unity, deviance encourages social change

5 potential responses to strain

conformity
innovation
ritualism
retreatism
rebellion

differential association theory

people learn deviant patterns of behavior from people with whom they associate on a regular basis
Frequency
duration
priority
intensity