blood a&p

What are the three components of the cardiovascular system?

Heart pump, blood vessels conducting system, blood as fluid medium

What is blood classified as?

Specialized fluid connective tissue

What are the main transport functions of blood?

Gases nutrients hormones wastes immune components

What gases does blood transport?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

How does blood regulate pH?

Absorbs and neutralizes acids

How does blood regulate ions?

Adds or subtracts ions via diffusion with interstitial fluid

How does blood prevent fluid loss?

Clotting

How does blood defend the body?

WBCs fight infection and remove debris

How does blood regulate body temperature?

Heat loss via skin and heat retention via shunting

What are the two components of whole blood?

Plasma and formed elements

What is plasma?

Fluid matrix of blood

What are formed elements?

Cells and cell fragments in blood

What are the three formed elements?

RBCs WBCs platelets

What is hemopoiesis?

Production of formed elements

What are the two stem cell lines?

Myeloid and lymphoid

What is fractionation?

Separation of whole blood by centrifuge

What is normal blood temperature?

38°C

What is normal blood pH?

7.35–7.45

What percent of blood is plasma?

50–60%

What percent of plasma is water?

More than 90%

What are the three classes of plasma proteins?

Albumins globulins fibrinogen

What do albumins transport?

Fatty acids thyroid hormones steroid hormones

What is the function of fibrinogen?

Forms fibrin for clotting

What are globulins?

Antibodies and transport proteins

What is serum?

Plasma without clotting proteins

Where are plasma proteins produced?

Liver plasma cells endocrine organs

What percent of formed elements are RBCs?

99.9%

What is hematocrit?

Percentage of RBCs in whole blood

Normal male RBC count?

4.5–6.3 million

Normal female RBC count?

4–5.5 million

Normal male hematocrit?

40–54%

Normal female hematocrit?

37–47%

Why do males have higher RBC counts?

Androgens stimulate RBC production

What is RBC shape?

Biconcave disc

Why is RBC shape important?

High surface area flexibility smooth flow

RBC lifespan?

120 days

What organelles do RBCs lack?

Nucleus mitochondria ribosomes

What is hemoglobin?

Protein that transports O2 and CO2

Normal male hemoglobin level?

14–18 g/dL

Normal female hemoglobin level?

12–16 g/dL

What is hemoglobin structure?

4 globin subunits with heme and iron

What is oxyhemoglobin?

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

Hemoglobin without oxygen

What is fetal hemoglobin?

Stronger hemoglobin in fetus that takes oxygen from mother

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide

What is anemia?

Low hematocrit or hemoglobin

Where are old RBCs destroyed?

Liver spleen bone marrow macrophages

What is hemoglobinuria?

Hemoglobin in urine

What is hematuria?

Whole RBCs in urine

What is transferrin?

Iron transport protein

What is ferritin?

Iron storage protein

What is bilirubin?

Breakdown product of biliverdin

What causes jaundice?

Bilirubin buildup

What is erythropoiesis?

RBC production in red bone marrow

What hormone stimulates RBC production?

Erythropoietin

Where is EPO produced?

Kidneys

What vitamins are needed for RBC production?

B12 B6 folic acid iron amino acids

What is pernicious anemia?

B12 deficiency anemia

What are antigens?

Cell surface proteins for immune recognition

What determines blood type?

Presence of A B Rh antigens

What are agglutinogens?

Antigens on RBCs

Type A plasma antibodies?

Anti-B

Type B plasma antibodies?

Anti-A

Type AB plasma antibodies?

None

Type O plasma antibodies?

Anti-A and Anti-B

Universal donor?

Type O

Universal recipient?

Type AB

What is the Rh factor?

D antigen

What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Rh incompatibility

What prevents Rh disease?

RhoGam

What is a transfusion reaction?

Agglutination and hemolysis from incompatible blood

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells

Normal WBC count?

6000–9000 per microliter

What is margination?

WBCs sticking to vessel walls

What is diapedesis?

WBCs squeezing through vessel walls

What is chemotaxis?

Chemical attraction of WBCs

What are the five WBC types?

Neutrophils eosinophils basophils monocytes lymphocytes

Neutrophil function?

First responders phagocytosis bacteria

Eosinophil function?

Parasite defense allergy control

Basophil function?

Release histamine and heparin

Monocyte function?

Become macrophages phagocytosis

Lymphocyte function?

Specific immunity

Three types of lymphocytes?

T cells B cells NK cells

T cell function?

Cell mediated immunity

B cell function?

Antibody production

NK cell function?

Destroy abnormal cells

What is leukopenia?

Low WBC count

What is leukocytosis?

High WBC count

What is leukemia?

Cancer with extremely high WBCs

What are platelets?

Cell fragments for clotting

Normal platelet count?

150000–500000 per microliter

Platelet lifespan?

9–12 days

What is thrombocytopenia?

Low platelets

What is thrombocytosis?

High platelets

What is hemostasis?

Cessation of bleeding

Three phases of hemostasis?

Vascular platelet coagulation

What happens in vascular phase?

Vasospasm

What happens in platelet phase?

Platelet plug formation

What happens in coagulation phase?

Fibrin clot formation

What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

Thrombin