Sociology question answers

norms:

1. a common form of behaviour which the majority of people in a society follow

2. relative - knife and fork

3. primary socialisation - Parsons

value

a principle or belief which the majority of a society follows

regional - Ghuman and elders

Meritocracy / achieved status

relative

depending on time, place, and context

change depending on region - Ghuman

depending on time - Sharpe

culture

the way of life for a group of people

different classes / different cultures - Bourdieu

relative - burberry check

high culture

culture of the elite, often gains cultural capital

class different in high culture - Bourdieu

aids in education - keddie

popular culture

the culte of the masses: linked across class groups

distraction - Adorno

can encourage consumerism - Strinati

consumer culture

where the consumption of goods within society is the norm: can change purchasing depending on class

lury - debt is the norm of consumer culture

lury - large-scale packaging and promotion business

global culture

a culture whcih is spread across the world, can lead to cultural homogenisation

Rizter - companies, McDonaldisation

Rizter - countries, Americanisation

cultural diversity

different cultures and backrounds in a society, often variables are shared between cultures

Census - 1/5th of the country is BABE (black, Asian and minority ethnic)

mix of families - Modood et al

multiculturalism

the acceptance of cultures within society, to maintain their cultural heritage

legislation - hijjab’s on bikes

education - black history month, Postmodernists

subcultures

cultures which share traits with the main culture, but with distinct norms and values, are often relative to trends of the time

religion - Quakers

relative - Punks and emo’s

primary socialisation

social norms and values taught before the age of 4, normally by piers

personality factory - parsons

can change depending on region - Ghuman

secondary socialisation

norms and values taught after the age of 4, can define a personality away from parents, throughout the life course

media - Gauntlett

Peers - Burdsey

social control

mechanisms in society which are used to ensure that people conform

informal - Althusser

formal - Wilson

Informal social control

social control methods which do not have clear rules and sanctions, can often change from place to place

Peers - Burdsey

family - Parsons

formal social control

social control which has clear rules and sanctions

Althusser - depending on class, control

Deterrence - Wilson

Social class

a system of stratification based on income

educational advantages - Keddie

different values - Sugarman

identity

ones own seld perception on the way in whcih others see you

ethnic identities - Guman

age and media - Carraign and Szmigin

gender

identity of society whch changes depending on sex, male breadwinner and wife child-bearer and carer

primary socialisation - Oakley

Media - Gauntlett

sexuality

the way in which people choose their partner they want to be with / attracted to

Giddens - plastic sexuality

Mcintosh - sexuality characteristics

disability

the reduction in a person’s senses or abilities

social model

characteristic - Murugami

The life course

defined stages and expectations of different ages

has been broken down - Featherstone and hepworth

Carrighan and Szmigan - media

hybrid identity

the mix of two or more identities to create a new identity

Gill - Blaisian

Modood et al - growth of hybrid identities