Zoology: External Anatomy and Endoskeleton

Anura

order of frogs and toads

Mountain Frog

Rana Magna

Skin

The outer covering of the body, serving as a protective barrier and aiding in respiration in some amphibians.

Eyes

Sensory organs for vision, allowing frogs to perceive their surroundings.

Tympanum

A circular membrane on the side of the head, functioning as the eardrum for detecting sounds.

Internal Nares / Nostrils

Openings in the nasal region, facilitating the exchange of air during respiration.

Mouth

The opening through which frogs consume food.

Eustachian Tubes

Tubes connecting the middle ear to the pharynx, equalizing pressure.

Glottis

The opening to the respiratory system, allowing air to pass into the trachea.

Esophagus

The muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach for food transport.

Tongue

Muscular organ used in capturing prey by extending rapidly.

Tympanic Membrane

The eardrum, transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear.

Nictating Membrane

A transparent third eyelid that protects the eye and retains moisture.

Vomerine Teeth

Small, bony projections on the roof of the mouth involved in gripping prey.

Maxillary Teeth

Teeth on the upper jaw, aiding in holding and manipulating prey.

Forelimbs

The front limbs or arms of the frog.

Hindlimbs

The rear limbs or legs of the frog.

Cloaca

A common opening for the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems.

Premaxillary Bones

Bones at the front of the upper jaw.

Maxillary Bones

Bones of the upper jaw.

Nasal Bones

Bones forming part of the nasal structure.

Sphenethmoid

Bone forming part of the nasal septum.

Frontal-Parietal

Bones forming the upper part of the skull.

Median Dorsal Stature

A bony crest on the midline of the dorsal skull.

Prootic

Bone forming part of the ear capsule.

Squamosal

Bone forming part of the skull.

Eye Socket

The bony cavity that houses the eye.

Exoccipital

Bone forming part of the posterior skull.

Occipital Condyle

The rounded projection at the base of the skull.

Quadratojugal

Bone forming part of the jaw.

Premaxillae

Bones at the front of the lower jaw.

Maxillae

Bones of the lower jaw.

Premaxillary Teeth

Teeth on the front of the upper jaw.

Maxillary Teeth

Teeth on the lower jaw.

Vomerine

Bone forming part of the nasal septum.

Vomerine Teeth

Teeth on the vomer.

Parasphenoid

Bone forming part of the palate.

Palatine

Bone forming part of the palate.

Quadratojugal

Bone forming part of the jaw.

Eye Socket

The bony cavity that houses the eye.

Occipital Condyle

The rounded projection at the base of the skull.

Foramen Magnum

The opening through which the spinal cord passes.

Pterygoid

Bone forming part of the palate.

Mento-meckelian

A fused structure forming part of the lower jaw.

Dentary

The main bone of the lower jaw.

Angulo-splenial

Bones forming part of the lower jaw.

Anterior Cornu

Anterior projection of the hyoid bone.

Alary Process

Wing-shaped projection of the hyoid bone.

Body

Central part of the hyoid bone.

Posterior Cornu

Posterior projection of the hyoid bone.

Thyroid Process

A projection of the hyoid bone.

Suprascapula

Bone forming part of the shoulder.

Scapula

Shoulder blade bone.

Coracoid

Bone forming part of the shoulder.

Glenoid Fossa

The depression in the shoulder girdle for articulation with the humerus.

Epicoracoid

Bone forming part of the shoulder.

Episternum

Breastbone bone.

CLAVICLE

Collarbone.

Xiphisternum

Lower part of the sternum.

Omosternum

Bone forming part of the shoulder.

Fenestra

Opening in a bone.

Mesosternum

Bone forming part of the sternum.

Sternum

Breastbone.

Atlas

First cervical vertebra.

Typical Vertebrae

Standard vertebrae of the spine.

Sacral Vertebrae

Vertebrae fused to form the sacrum.

Urostyle

Fused vertebrae forming the posterior part of the spine.

Neural Spine

Projection from the vertebral arch.

Neural Canal

Canal housing the spinal cord.

Postzygapophysis

Projection from the vertebral arch.

Transverse Process

Lateral projection from a vertebra.

Ilium

Large bone forming part of the hip.

Iliac Crest

Upper edge of the ilium.

Ishium

Posterior and lower part of the hip bone.

Ischiac Symphysis

Fusion of the ischium bones.

Pubis

Anterior part of the hip bone.

Pubic Symphysis

Fusion of the pubic bones.

Acetabulum

Socket in the hip bone for articulation with the femur.

Head of the Humerus

Rounded upper end of the upper arm bone.

Humerus

Upper arm bone.

Radio-ulna (Radia, Ulnare)

Forearm bones.

Centrale

Wrist bone.

Ulnare

Inner bone of the forearm.

Radiale

Outer bone of the forearm.

Condyle

Rounded projection at the end of a bone.

Carpals

Wrist bones.

Metacarpals

Bones of the palm.

Phalanges

Finger or toe bones.

Longitudinal Groove

Groove along the length of a bone.

Deltoid Ridge

Ridge on the humerus.

Mandibular Condyle

Rounded projection for articulation with the lower jaw.

Articular Fossa

Depression for articulation with another bone.

Prepollex

A thumb-like structure.

Head of the Femur

Rounded upper end of the thigh bone.

Femur

Thigh bone.

Tibulo-fibula (Tibula, Fibula)

Bones of the lower leg.

Astralagus

Bone forming part of the ankle joint.

Calcaneum

Heel bone.

Calcar

Spur-like projection on the inner part of the tarsus.

Tarsals

Ankle bones.