AP HUG EXAM VOCAB

this is to get the best possible score!

shatterbelt

a shatterbelt is made-up of countries that are internally divided and have unstable governments as a result of internal unrest or cross-border conflicts.

what are some examples of centrifugal charcteristics

examples of centrifugal characteristics include ethnic divisions, economic disparity, political instability, and cultural fragmentation within a state.

creolization

creolization is the process of Native American, African, and European cultures combining to create new cultural forms, such as language, food, and religion.

what are some green revolution technological innovations

technological innovations from the Green Revolution include high-yield crop varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and advanced irrigation techniques that significantly increased agricultural productivity.

postindustrial city

a postindustrial city is an urban area characterized by a shift away from manufacturing-based economies toward service-oriented and information-based economic activities.

common impact of urbanization

a diversity of job types and income opportunities characterizes urban areas, and facilitates further economic and population growth.

human development index

the HDI combines life expectancy and years of schooling as indicators of health care and education with gross national income per capita to produce an indexed score.

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a treaty that establishes guidelines for the use of oceans and their resources.

territorial sea

the zone extending 12 nautical miles from a coastal state, where the state has sovereignty over the water and its resources.

contiguous zone

the area extending 24 nautical miles from the baseline, where a coastal state can enforce laws related to customs, immigration, and sanitation.

exclusive economic zone

a sea zone extending 200 nautical miles from the baseline, where a coastal state has rights to explore and exploit marine resources.

continental shelf

the submerged zone extending from the coast to the deep ocean, typically up to 200 nautical miles, where a coastal state has rights to the seabed and resources.

international waters

the areas of the ocean beyond national jurisdiction, where no single country has control and are considered open to all states.

extensive farming and examples

a type of agriculture that involves large areas of land and typically low input and labor levels. Examples include ranching and wheat farming.

intensive farming and examples

a form of agriculture that requires high levels of input and labor to produce maximum yield from a smaller area of land. Examples include rice cultivation and dairy farming.

what economic factors are determined within the von thunen model

 von thünen argued that land use was determined by the relationship between labor inputs, transportation costs, and land rent. The cost-to-distance ratio meant that higher-cost goods, such as milk and vegetables, would be produced closest to the market.

significance of debt-for-nature programs within lesser developed countries

the debt-for-nature programs require debtor governments to promote environmental sustainability and, in turn, reduce the loan payment and tax burden on the citizens of less developed countries. the programs provide a sustainable-development approach to reducing uneven levels of development between countries.

brownfield site

a property that is previously developed but not currently in use, often contaminated, requiring cleanup before redevelopment.

where are squatter settlements

typically located on the outskirts of urban areas in developing countries.

where are migrants more likely to settle in

migrants are likely to seek lower cost housing in suburban areas far from more expensive locations in the center of the city.

density gradient

a gradual change in the density of an urban area from the center to the periphery (sub-urban areas)

edge cities and examples

edge cities are densely populated suburban areas that develop along major highways, featuring office parks, shopping centers, and entertainment facilities. Examples include Tyson's Corner in Virginia and Irvine in California.

neocolonialism

the economic control of former colonies by foreign powers, often through global trade and investment. This concept involves the continued exploitation of developing countries through economic means, perpetuating a cycle of dependency. example) china funding projects in africa

decolonization

the process by which colonies gain independence from colonial powers, often leading to political and social changes. example) India gaining independence from British rule in 1947.

chokepoint

a strategic location where transport routes are narrow, causing potential congestion or control over passage. example) Suez canal blockage delayed an estimated $400 million an hour in goods

shatterbelt

a region characterized by political fragmentation and cultural diversity, often facing external pressures and conflicts. example) the area and people in kashmir, between pakistan and india - caused by religious reasons