Protons
Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus, determining the element's identity (atomic number).
Neutrons
Neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus, contributing to the mass number and stabilizing the nucleus.
Electrons
Negatively charged subatomic particles orbiting the nucleus in electron shells, involved in chemical bonding and reactions.
Atomic Number (Z)
The number of protons in an atom, unique to each element.
Mass Number (A)
The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Isotopes
Variants of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Groups
Vertical columns in the periodic table where elements share similar chemical properties due to the same number of valence electrons.
Periods
Horizontal rows in the periodic table where elements have increasing atomic numbers from left to right.
Atomic Radius
Increases down a group and decreases across a period due to electron shell variations and nuclear charge.
Ionization Energy
Decreases down a group and increases across a period, affecting the ease of removing electrons.
Electronegativity
Decreases down a group and increases across a period, influencing the attraction for bonding electrons.
Ionic Bonding
Transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals to form ions, like NaCl (sodium chloride).
Covalent Bonding
Sharing of electrons between nonmetals, as seen in water (H2O).
Metallic Bonding
Delocalized electrons shared among metal cations, exemplified by copper (Cu).
States of Matter
Solid, Liquid, Gas - differing in shape, volume, and particle arrangement.
Changes of State
Melting, Freezing, Boiling, Condensation, Sublimation - transitions between states of matter.
Intermolecular Forces
Weaker than bonding forces, influencing properties like melting and boiling points.
Moles
Unit for amount of substance, calculated using n = m/M where n is moles, m is mass, and M is molar mass.
Avogadro's Constant
Value of 6.022×10^23 representing the number of particles in one mole.
Balanced Equations
Show conservation of mass and moles in chemical reactions.
Concentration
Calculated as c = n/V where c is concentration, n is moles, and V is volume.