Separate Chemistry 1

Protons

Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus, determining the element's identity (atomic number).

Neutrons

Neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus, contributing to the mass number and stabilizing the nucleus.

Electrons

Negatively charged subatomic particles orbiting the nucleus in electron shells, involved in chemical bonding and reactions.

Atomic Number (Z)

The number of protons in an atom, unique to each element.

Mass Number (A)

The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Isotopes

Variants of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Groups

Vertical columns in the periodic table where elements share similar chemical properties due to the same number of valence electrons.

Periods

Horizontal rows in the periodic table where elements have increasing atomic numbers from left to right.

Atomic Radius

Increases down a group and decreases across a period due to electron shell variations and nuclear charge.

Ionization Energy

Decreases down a group and increases across a period, affecting the ease of removing electrons.

Electronegativity

Decreases down a group and increases across a period, influencing the attraction for bonding electrons.

Ionic Bonding

Transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals to form ions, like NaCl (sodium chloride).

Covalent Bonding

Sharing of electrons between nonmetals, as seen in water (H2O).

Metallic Bonding

Delocalized electrons shared among metal cations, exemplified by copper (Cu).

States of Matter

Solid, Liquid, Gas - differing in shape, volume, and particle arrangement.

Changes of State

Melting, Freezing, Boiling, Condensation, Sublimation - transitions between states of matter.

Intermolecular Forces

Weaker than bonding forces, influencing properties like melting and boiling points.

Moles

Unit for amount of substance, calculated using n = m/M where n is moles, m is mass, and M is molar mass.

Avogadro's Constant

Value of 6.022×10^23 representing the number of particles in one mole.

Balanced Equations

Show conservation of mass and moles in chemical reactions.

Concentration

Calculated as c = n/V where c is concentration, n is moles, and V is volume.