Nero exam one

Somatic approach

alteration of structure or function to see how behavior is altered

Intervention approach

changing a behavior to see how strucuture or function is altered

neuroplasticity

ability of brain to change by environment & experience

glial cells

provide support for and contribute to information processing neurons

Nissl stains

outside cell bodies, attracted to RNA, to count cells

golgi stains

fills entire cell, to reveal details

autoradiography

shows distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues

immunohistochemistry

can detect protein in tissue

in situ hypridization

uses radioactive nucleic acid probes to label only neurons in which gene has been turned on

tract tracers

shows direction and whole neuron

aterograde

axonal targets of cell bodies

retrograde

cell bodies of axons terminating in a region

input zone

receives info from other cells through dendrites

integration zone

where inputs are combined and transformed, cell body

conduction zone

single axon leads away from cell body and transmits electrical impulse

output zone

axon terminals at end of axon communicate activity to other cells

multipolar

one axon, many dendrites (most common)

bipolar

one axon, one dendrite

unipolar

single extension branches in two directions, receptive poll and output zone

sensory neurons function

bring information to central nervous system

interneuron function

associate sensory and motor activity within central nervous system

motor neuron function

send signals from brain and spinal cord to muscles

axon hillock

this is a cone shaped area of cell body that gives rise to _____

synaptic cleft

gap that separates membranes

synaptic vesicle

inside presynaptic axon terminals, contains neurotransmitters

ependymal cell

makes and secretes cerebrospinal fluid, found in walls of ventricles

astrocytes

structural support, transport btwn neurons and capillaries, scar tissue formation

glial cells

detects neuron activity and regulates capillaries

microglia

offshoot of immune system, scavenge debris, remove damages cells, prune synapses

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

myelination

Central (CNS)

mediates behavior

Somatic NS

transmits sensation, produces movement

Autonomic NS

balances internal functions

Symapathetic NS

arousing

Parasympathetic

calming

Enteric

controls gut

Gyrus/gyri

protrusion or bump by folding of cerebral cortex

sulcus/sulci

groove in neocortex or cerebrum

fissure

deep sulcus

grey matter

collections of cell bodies

white matter

collections of axons, color due to myelination

cortex

only outermost cellular layer

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) produced at _____

choroid plexus & reabsorbed by arachnodi villi

Ventricles

houses CSF and circulates brain and spinal cord

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

executive function, attention, memory

ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

attention, memory, language

orbitofrontal cortex

decision making, emotion, reward

motor cortex

all motor output from cortex to spinal cord

somatosensory cortex

receives input from anterolateral and dorsal column-medial lemniscal system

anterolateral detects

pain, temperature

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system detects

touch, proprioception

visual cortex houses _____

occipital lobe, is topographically organized

sensory cortex

limbic system, amygdala, hippocampus

amygdala

emotion, connected to orbitofrontal

hippocampus

learning and memory

basal ganglia

movement control monitored through cortico-striatal loop

Diencephalon

region of brain below cerebrum

Thalamus

one per hemisphere; contains lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, ventral posterior, and pulvinar nuclei.

hypothalamus

small, below thalamus; regulates hormone function through connections with pituitary gland

Midbrain/mesencephalon

small region, below diencephalon

tectum

roof of midbrain, contains superior and inferior colliculus; visual and auditory sensory processing, orienting movements

tegmentum

floor of midbrain, contains substantia nigra, red nucleus, and reticular formation; eye and limb movements, pain perception

Brainstem

reticular formation, mix of neurons and nerve fibers, runs through midbrain, pons, and medulla, stimulates forebrain, regulation of sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal

Pons (metencephalon)

fiber tracts to/from cortical projections, spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum. auditory and vestibular functions, visuomotor nuclei

medula (myelencephalon)

motor learning, respiratory and cardiac controlc

cerebellum “little brain”

cerebellar cortex, white matter, deep nuclei; modifies motor output.

neural tube

structure in early stage of brain development that the brain and spinal cord develop from

neurogenesis

mitotic production of neurons from nonneuronal cells

cell migration

movement of cells to establish distinct populationra

radial gial cells

makes path for migrating neurons

cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

proteins that guide cell migration and axonal pathfinding

differentiation

precursor cells transform into distinctive neurons or glial cells, gene or environment dependent

synaptogenesis

establishment of neuron-neuron connections, dendritic and axonal growth

neuronal cell death

selective apoptosis during development

synapse rearrangement

step 6 in development, gray matter thins as pruning of dendrites and axon terminals progresses

myelogensis

birth of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes begins after neurogensis is complete.