Carbohydrates and Disaccharides

These flashcards cover key terms related to carbohydrates and disaccharides as discussed in the lecture, providing definitions and essential concepts for exam preparation.

Monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar units, such as glucose and fructose.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed by the linkage of two monosaccharides through a glycosidic bond.

Dehydration condensation

A chemical reaction where two molecules are linked together with the loss of a water molecule.

Glycosidic bond

A covalent bond that links a monosaccharide to another molecule or to another monosaccharide.

Tyndall effect

The scattering of light by particles in a colloid or in very fine suspensions, used to demonstrate the size of disaccharides.

Hexose monosaccharides

Monosaccharides that contain six carbon atoms, examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Alpha configuration

Refers to the orientation of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon in a cyclic sugar; pointing down in the Haworth projection.

Beta configuration

Refers to the orientation of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon in a cyclic sugar; pointing up in the Haworth projection.

Lactose

A disaccharide composed of beta D-galactose and beta D-glucose, commonly known as milk sugar.

Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of alpha D-glucose and beta D-fructose, commonly known as table sugar.

Maltose

A disaccharide composed of two alpha D-glucose units, known as malt sugar.

Isomaltose

A disaccharide composed of two alpha D-glucose units linked differently than in maltose; a structural isomer of maltose.

Mannobios

A disaccharide composed of two D-mannose monosaccharides linked together.

Ether linkage

A type of chemical bond formed between two carbon atoms through an oxygen atom.

Polysaccharide

A high molecular weight carbohydrate composed of long chains of monosaccharide units.

Glycogen

A polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals.

Starch

A polysaccharide found in plants, composed of numerous glucose units linked together.