Anatomy 2320 - Cartilage and Bone Connective Tissue

wormian (sutural) bones

Extra bones that some people have within the sutures of the skull

Sesamoid bones

Extra bones that can develop in tendons from stress as the tendon repeatedly moves across a joint

Patella

Sesamoid bone that everyone has and is developed after birth

weaker, flexible

Cartilage is ___ than bone, but is more ___ and resilient

Chondroblasts

cells that produce cartilage matrix and later mature into chondrocytes

Chondrocytes

Cells that maintain the cartilage matrix and ensures it is healthy and viable

Avascular

Cartilage is ___ , meaning not penetrated by blood vessels. This leads to it not healing well when injured

Hyaline Cartilage

Type of cartilage that forms C-shaped rings that keep the trachea and smaller airways open

Fibrocartilage

Type of cartilage that pads between the vertebrae

Elastic cartilage

Type of cartilage that makes up the auricle

Supporting soft tissue

Provide a gliding surface at articulations where two bones meet

Provide a model for most bones in the body

List the three major functions of cartilage in the body

Hyaline Cartilage

The most abundant and weakest cartilage type in the body; Found in nose, articular cartilage on bones, growth plates, etc.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage with an extracellular matrix with numerous thick collagen fibers that help resist stretching and compaction force. Found between vertebrae, between bones of the knee (menisci), and where the pubic bones join at the pubic symphysis.

Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage that contains highly branched elastic fibers within extracellular matrix and found in regions requiring flexible support, such as auricle, ear canal, and epiglottis

Calcification

process that makes bones sturdy and rigid due to the deposition of minerals in the matrix

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

Red bone marrow in spongy bone

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Children

For what people is active red marrow in the spongy bone of most of the bones of the body?

Flat bones of skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, bones of pelvis (ossa coxae), proximal end of humerus (x2), proximal end of femur (x2)

Name the bones that have active red marrow performing hematopoiesis in adults

Erythopoietin

Hematopoiesis in active red marrow occurs under the stimulation of ____

Kidneys

Where is erythropoietin produced?

sternum or posterior portion of the ilium

2 different bones that are commonly used to perform a bone marrow biopsy

calcium and phospate

More than 90% of the body's reserves of ___ and ___ are stored in bones

Calcium

Mineral essential for muscle contractions, blood clotting and nerve impulse transmission

fat

Energy in the form of ___ is stored in yellow bone marrow

Long bones

What type of bones function as levers?

bones of upper and lower extremities

What bones are typically long bones?

Short bones

Type of bones that are somewhat cube-shaped and act to transfer force

Patella

largest sesamoid bone in the body

Flat bones

Type of bone with a dense surface and serve for muscle attachment or protection

Irregular bones

Type of bones that vary in shape and have many surface projections for muscle attachment or articulation

Roof of skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

Give examples of flat bones

Vertebrae, ossa coxae, and several bones of skull

Give examples of irregular bones

Long bones

Most common type of bone in the body

Diaphysis

Central shaft of a long bone

Medullary cavity

cavity within the diaphysis of long bones filled with yellow marrow

Endosteum

membrane lining the medullary cavity of a long bone

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

articular cartilage (hyaline)

The epiphysis of a long bone at a joint surface is covered with a thin layer of cartilage called ___

Periosteum

TOUGH sheath of dense irregular connective tissue covering outer surface of a long bone

a place for tendon-muscle attachment

What purpose does the periosteum serve?

Periosteum

What is responsible for growth in the width of long bones?

Epiphyseal growth plate

Structure that helps bones increase in length

Hyaline cartilage

Type of cartilage associated with the growth plates

Human growth hormone (somatotropin)

What controls the mitotic activity of growth plates?

Pituitary gland

Where is Somatotropin produced?

osteoprogenitor cells

Stem cells that give rise to cells that become osteoblasts

Osteoblasts

Cells that secrete the initial semisolid form of bone matrix, which later calcifies and becomes bone

Osteoid

the initial semisolid organic form of bone matrix

Osteocytes

Cells that develop from osteoblasts, maintain bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone

Osteoclasts

Large, multinuclear, phagocytizing cells that perform osteolysis

Osteoclasts, osteoblasts

__________ are continually breaking down old bone while ____________ are continually forming new bone.

Compact bone

Bone connective tissue that is solid and dense, forms external wall of long bones and both inner and outer layers of many of the flat bones of the skull

Cancellous bone

another name for spongy bone

Spongy (cancellous) bone

Bone tissue that is porous and found within epiphysis of long bone. It is also sandwiched between two layers of compact bone in many of the flat bones of the skull

Ossification (osteogenesis)

Term for the formation and development of bone connective tissue

Flat bones of skull, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, and central part of clavicle

Name the bones that are created by intramembranous ossification

intramembranous ossification

Sesamoid bones are created by ___ ___ inside of tendons

endochondral ossification

How the majority of the bones in the body develop

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid and new bone tissue is formed increasing width of bone

What happens when stress is applied to the periosteum?

Nutrient foramen

Entry of blood vessels and nerves into bone

Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)

Produced by anterior pituitary and stimulates activity with growth plates

Thyroid Hormone

stimulates bone growth by influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cells (produced by thyroid)

Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

dramatically accelerates bone growth beginning at puberty

Vitamin A

activates osteoblasts

Vitamin C

required for normal synthesis of collagen and is the primary organic compound of bone matrix

Fracture

to break (a bone), most common type of bone injury

Stress fracture

thin break in bone caused by physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads

Pathological (spontaneous) fracture

fracture that can occur when bone is diseased

Closed fracture

Fracture that did not break the skin

Open (compound) fracture

Fracture that breaks the surface of the skin

Comminuted fracture

bone is splintered into many pieces

Spiral fracture

bone is broken with twisting movement causing helical cracking

Greenstick fracture

incomplete break of bone with bowing (only in children)

Depressed fracture

portion of the bone is driven inward

Displaced fracture

fragments of bone are out of proper allignment

Nondisplaced fracture

fracture where fragments of bone are in anatomical alignment

Reduction

term for aligning bone after a fracture

Ilizarov method

An external fixator for bone fragments, may also be used to extend length of bone over time

Fracture hematoma

forms when blood vessels inside the bone and in the periosteum are torn

fibrocartilage callus

a temporary formation which forms at the area of a bone fracture as the bone attempts to heal itself

Bony callus

Occurs when osteoblasts begin ossifying a fibrocartilage callus after a fracture

Condyle

large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure

Facet

small, flat, shallow articulating surface

Head

prominent, rounded epiphysis

Alveoli

deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible where teeth are located

Fossa

flattened or shallow depression

Crest

narrow, prominent, ridgelike projection

Epicondyle

projection adjacent to a condyle

Process

any marked bony prominence

Spine

Pointed, slender process

Trochanter

massive, rough projection found only on the femur

Tubercle

small rounded projection

Tuberosity

large, rough projection

Fissure

narrow, slitlike opening through a bone

Foramen

rounded passageway through a bone

Meatus

passageway through a bone

Sinus

Cavity or hollow space in a bone

Aging

Causes percentage of inorganic minerals in matrix to increase, making bones brittle and susceptible to fracture

Osteopenia

Bones become thinner and weaker with age, resulting in insufficient ossification