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Speech Breathing
need for gas exchange is added to linguistic considerations (prosody, etc), active exhalation through the mouth
Vegetative breathing
unconscious, automatic, determined by the body's need (O2 levels in blood), passive exhalation
Inhalation/inspiration
oxygen rushes into the lungs
Exhalation/expiration
carbon dioxide rushes out of the lungs
Phonation
vibration of the vocal folds that creates sound
Vocal quality
the attributes of voice (breathy, harsh, etc)
Pitch
perception of frequency
Glottis
the space between the vocal cords
Stress
tension in the lamina propia and vocalis
Diaphragm
muscle under the lungs that contracts to expand the volume of the lungs
Inspiratory checking
the use of inspiratory muscle contraction to counteract the relaxation pressure of the lungs when the lung pressure is greater than what is required to sustain speech (holding breath while speaking)
Dysfunctional breathing
the individual speaks on the expiratory reserve volume instead of inspiratory reserve
Strain
stretching of the vocal cords
Phonation onset
the initiation of phonation
Gentle/simultaneous onset
airflow and vocal fold closure occurs at the same time
Breathy onset
airflow begins before vocal folds close
Hard glottal attack onset
vocal folds close before airflow starts
Jitter
involuntary perturbation/variability in pitch
Shimmer
involuntary perturbation/variability in intensity
Boyle's law
inverse relationship between volume and pressure
Lung pressure
low pressure in the lungs draws in air
Plural linkage
ribcage is lined with visceral plurae and lungs are lined with parietal, so they stick together through negative pressure
Airway resistance
turbulence in the airflow through passages
Innervation of the larynx
CN X - RLN
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx (function)
open and close vocal cords and control pitch
Extrinsic muscles of the larynx (function/purpose)
elevates and depresses larynx
Lamina Propria layers
superficial, middle deep
Joints of the larynx
cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid
Bernoulli effect
a decrease in pressure causes an increase in velocity
Venturi effect
a narrow area increases velocity
Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory
vocal folds stay in vibration because of both their physical properties and the Bernoulli/Venturi forces
Vocal quality/registers
your chest voice, optimal pitch, medium range
Pulse register
glottal fry, low range, short and loose vocal cords and low pressure
Falsetto register
head voice, light and airy, elongated vocal cords
Breathy voice
lots of air in the voice due to the vocal cords being partially open during speech
Harsh voice
scratchy, gravelly voice due to vocal cords vibrating unevenly during speech
Hoarse voice
breathy and harsh quality due to both partial opening and uneven vibration
Strained voice
tight voice because vocal cords are being squeezed (effortful speech)
Fundamental frequency and intensity measures
habitual use (routine), maximum performance (physiological capabilities under pressure), and degree of regularity (stability)
Fundamental frequency
habitual pitch determined by the average range of frequencies spoken during a day
Control of frequency
length, tension, stiffness of vocal folds
Control of intensity
lung pressure and vocal fold closure
Stress/Strain
tension on the vocal cords can cause changes in material
Common etiologies of voice disorders
excessive abuse to vocal cords for extended time
Neurological impairments
cause voice disorder when L or R RLN is damaged (causing an inability to adduct or abduct the vocal cords
Dysregulated laryngeal muscle activity (muscular dystonia)
muscle squeezing causes a strained voice
Other etiologies
laryngeal cancer or congenital structural anomalies in the vocal tract
