BY 311-A A&P Lab Practical 2

What are Fibrous Joints

Have dense fibrous connective tissue with strong collagen fibers that hold the joints firmly together with no synovial cavity.

What are Cartilaginous Joints?

Have either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connecting the bones with no synovial cavity

What are synovial joints?

Have a small synovial cavity (space) between the two bones that permits a greater amount of movement than fibrous or cartilaginous joints.

Flexion

A decrease in the angle between bones of a joint; usually occurs on a sagittal plane.

hyperextension

Excessive extension movement beyond normal anatomical position.

Extension

An increase in the angle between the bones of a joint; restore to anatomical position

Abduction

Move appendage away from the midline

Adduction

Move appendage towards midline

Circumduction

Move a distal part of an appendage in a circle

Rotation

Turn on a pivot with a circle

Elevation

Upward movement raising body part vertically

Depression

Downward movement lowering body part vertically

Protraction

Move a body part forward or anterior on a horizontal plane

Retraction

Move body part backward or posterior

Supination

Turn the palm of the hand to face forward, or, if the arm is outstretched, turn the palm upward

Pronation

Turn the palm of the hand to face backward, or, if the arm is outstretched, turn the downward

Inversion

Turn the sole of the foot inward

Eversion

Turn the sole of the foot outward

Dorsiflexion

Point your toes upward; stand on heels

Plantar flexion

Point your toes downward; raise your heels

Planar (gliding)

- Flat or slightly curved plane
- Gliding motion back and forth and/or side to side

Hinge

- Convex bone surface articulates with a concave bone surface
- Flexion and extension

Pivot

- Rounded or pointed projection articulates with a ring formed by bone and ligament
- Rotation

Condyloid

- Oval convex projection articulates with an oval concave depression
- Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction

Saddle

- Saddle-shaped depression articulates with a projection that fits in the saddle
- Same as condyloid joint except more exaggerated

Ball and socket

- The ball-shaped head articulates with the cup-shaped socket
- Free movable joint; flexion and extension; abduction and adduction; circumduction; rotation

1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Hypertension

What are the joint movements for (a)?

4. Hypertension
5. Extension
6. Flexion

What are the joint movements for (b)?

What are the joint movements for (c)?

7. Flexion
8. Extension

What are the joint movements for (d)?

9. Flexion
10. Extension
11. Hypertension

What are the joint movements for (e)?

12. Hypertension
13. Extension
14. Flexion

What are the joint movements for (f)?

15. Flexion
16. Extension

What are the joint movements for (a)?

1. Abduction
2. Adduction

What are the joint movements for (b)?

3. Circumduction

What are the joint movements for (c)?

4. Abduction
5. Adduction

What are the joint movements for (d)?

6. Circumduction

What are the joint movements for (e)?

7. Adduction
8.Abduction

What are the joint movements for (f)?

9. Abduction
10. Adduction

What are the joint movements for (1)?

Rotation

What are the joint movements for (2)?

Lateral Rotation

What are the joint movements for (3)?

Medial Rotation

What is the special joint movement for (1)?

Elevation

What is the special joint movement for (2)?

Depression

What is the special joint movement for (3)?

Protraction

What is the special joint movement for (4)?

Retraction

What is the special joint movement for (5)?

Pronation

What is the special joint movement for (6)?

Supination

What is the special joint movement of the foot for (1)?

Inversion

What is the special joint movement of the foot for (2)?

Eversion

What is the special joint movement of the foot for (3)?

Dorsiflexion

What is the special joint movement of the foot for (4)?

Plantar Flexion