World History Final Exam Review Guide

What does the term 'Renaissance' mean and what era does it refer to?

Renaissance means 'rebirth' and refers to the period from the 1300s to the 1600s.

What were the significant impacts of the Renaissance?

It marked the end of the Middle Ages, a renewed interest in art and science, and the revival of ideas from ancient Greece and Rome.

What factors encouraged the Renaissance?

The Crusades spurred demand for Middle Eastern goods, trade and accrued wealth hurt the Feudal System, and the Plague led to a demand for labor.

Who invented the printing press and in what year?

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1456.

Name three significant figures of the Renaissance.

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

What are the key ideas associated with the Renaissance?

Humanism, secularism, and a focus on individual achievement.

What are some artistic advancements made during the Renaissance?

Realistic perspective, depiction of three dimensions on flat surfaces, and a return to classical styles such as domes and columns.

What were the main reasons for exploration during the Age of Exploration?

God, Glory, and Gold.

What were the incentives for explorers during the Age of Exploration?

To find new trade routes, gain wealth, spread Christianity, and bring glory to their countries.

What was the Triangle Trade?

A system where goods went from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Americas, and raw materials from the Americas back to Europe.

What major countries were involved in exploration during the Age of Exploration?

Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands.

What was the Protestant Reformation and when did it occur?

The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement that occurred from 1517 to 1648, leading to the creation of new religious sects.

Who were key figures involved in the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Pope Leo X.

In which areas did the Protestant Reformation spread?

Germany, Switzerland, England, Scotland, France, and Scandinavia.

What were some impacts of the Protestant Reformation?

Creation of new religious sects like Lutheranism and Calvinism, and conflicts such as the German Peasants' War and the English Civil War.

What was the Thirty Years War and what was its significance?

It started as a Protestant vs. Catholic conflict and showed that political power became more important than religion in European conflicts.

What is the time frame of the Scientific Revolution?

The Scientific Revolution occurred from 1543 to 1700.

What were some significant breakthroughs during the Scientific Revolution?

The notes did not specify breakthroughs; however, it involved key figures and significant scientific ideas.

What does MR. LIP stand for in geography?

Movement, Region, Location, Human environment interaction, Place.

What is the difference between absolute and relative location?

Absolute location refers to exact coordinates, while relative location refers to a location near the exact coordinates.

How did the Plague impact the labor market during the Renaissance?

The Plague led to a demand for labor, causing serfs to move to cities for work.

What was the impact of the Crusades on the Renaissance?

The Crusades spurred demand for Middle Eastern goods, which contributed to trade and wealth accumulation.

What theory did Nicolaus Copernicus propose?

The heliocentric theory, which stated that the sun was at the center of the universe.

What significant invention did Galileo contribute to astronomy?

The telescope.

What are Kepler's contributions to astronomy?

He formulated the laws of planetary motion.

What fundamental concept did Isaac Newton introduce?

The law of gravity and principles of physics.

Which philosophers are associated with the development of the scientific method?

Francis Bacon and René Descartes.

What was the Enlightenment period and its time frame?

A period from 1685 to 1815 when people believed reason could improve society.

What key ideas emerged during the Enlightenment?

Natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of speech and religion, social contract, government by consent.

How did John Locke influence the Declaration of Independence?

His ideas of natural rights were foundational to the document.

What unique addition did the Declaration of Independence include from Locke's philosophy?

The pursuit of happiness.

What concept did Montesquieu contribute to the Constitution?

The separation of powers into legislative, judicial, and executive branches.

Which philosopher's ideas influenced the Bill of Rights regarding free speech and religion?

Voltaire.

What were the main causes of the French Revolution?

High taxes, debt, food shortages, Marie Antoinette's extravagance, and inequality between estates.

What demands did the Third Estate make during the French Revolution?

Fair taxes, more political power, and equal rights.

What does the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen emphasize?

That all men are equal and protects individual freedoms from government abuse.

How are the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the English and American Bill of Rights similar?

They all protect basic human rights and individual freedoms from abuse.

What was Napoleon Bonaparte's ruling style?

He ruled as a dictator with strong control while maintaining some revolutionary ideas.

What were some positive impacts of Napoleon's rule?

The Napoleonic Code, stabilization of France, and the spread of revolutionary ideas.

What were some negative impacts of Napoleon's rule?

Warfare across Europe, many deaths, and loss of freedoms.

What factors encouraged the Industrial Revolution?

Overpopulation, strong economy, access to coal and iron, and a stable government.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

Due to its coal, iron, rivers, strong economy, and colonies for selling goods.

What were some positive impacts of industrialization?

More jobs, better transportation, and cheaper goods.

What were some negative impacts of industrialization?

Child labor, pollution, poor working conditions, and increasing wealth disparity.

What were the reasons for new imperialism between 1870 and 1914?

Economic gain, national pride, racism, belief in superiority, and spreading Christianity.

Which countries participated in the new imperialism?

Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

What areas were colonized during the Age of New Imperialism?

Africa, parts of Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and India.

What was the Scramble for Africa?

The rapid division of Africa by European countries with little regard for native populations.

What were the impacts of imperialism on European countries and their colonies?

Europe gained wealth and power, while colonies lost freedom and suffered exploitation but gained infrastructure.

What were the MAIN causes of World War I?

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism.

What event triggered World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Which countries were part of the Allied Powers in World War I?

Britain, France, Russia, and later the United States.

Which countries were part of the Central Powers in World War I?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.

What were Wilson's 14 Points?

A proposal by President Woodrow Wilson outlining a vision for peace after World War I, including the establishment of the League of Nations.

What was Britain's stance on Germany after WWI?

Britain wanted to punish Germany, but not too harshly.

What did France seek in the post-WWI peace terms?

France wanted revenge and harsh punishment for Germany.

What is the Treaty of Versailles known for?

It included the War Guilt Clause, placing full blame on Germany for WWI.

What does BRAT stand for in the context of the Treaty of Versailles?

Blame Germany, Reparations, Army, and Territory.

How did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to the rise of WWII?

It made Germany angry, poor, and humiliated, which helped Hitler rise to power.

What years did World War II take place?

1939 - 1945.

What ideology did Adolf Hitler and the Nazis promote?

Naziism, which included beliefs in racial superiority and the Aryan race.

What was Benito Mussolini's political ideology?

Fascism, characterized by extreme nationalism.

What was Josef Stalin's approach to opposition in the USSR?

He tolerated no opposition and caused the deaths of 8 to 10 million peasants resisting Communist policies.

What type of government did Emperor Hirohito and Prime Minister Hideki Tojo represent?

Militarism in Japan.

What was the policy of appeasement, and how did it affect Hitler?

It encouraged Hitler to take land without consequences, leading to further invasions.

What event prompted America's entry into WWII?

The bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan on December 7, 1941.

What was America's foreign policy at the start of WWII?

Initially neutral, then it provided supplies to Allies.

What was the purpose of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

To force Japan to surrender and end WWII.

What characterized the Cold War?

A 'War of Ideas' between capitalism/democracy and communism.

Why did the Cold War occur after WWII?

The U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers with conflicting ideologies and no common enemy.

What was the main conflict of the Cold War?

A political, military, and ideological struggle for global influence without direct warfare between the U.S. and USSR.

What were the goals of the United States during the Cold War?

To stop the spread of communism and promote democracy and capitalism.

What was the goal of the Soviet Union during the Cold War?

To spread communism and increase influence in Eastern Europe and beyond.

What was the Truman Doctrine?

A policy that provided military and financial aid to countries resisting communism.

What was the Marshall Plan?

A program that provided money to rebuild Europe and prevent countries from turning communist.

What was NATO?

A military alliance formed to defend against Soviet aggression.

What was the outcome of the Korean War?

It ended in 1953 with Korea still divided at the 38th parallel.

What happened in the Vietnam War?

North Vietnam, a communist state, sought to take over South Vietnam, leading to U.S. involvement and eventual withdrawal.

MR. LIP

Movement, Region, Location, Interaction, Place