IB Sports Science Science Skills

IB Program 5 categoires

thinking, communication, social, research, self-management

Primary Data

where you directly collect the data from a hands-on experiment or through use of a simulation. 

Secondary Data

where you will take the data present in a database and use that as your source

4 variable types

• Dependent 

• Independent

• Controlled 

• Uncontrolled/Confounding

Experimental Group

does receive the treatment (variable)

Placebo group

receives what appears to be the treatment (variable). Can be the control group.

Labratory Testing advantages

• Controlled environment

• Sport specific equipment

  • Machines often do the measurements or specific equipment is designed for the measurement

Labratory Testing disadvantages

• Not always accessible

• Not conducted in the sport environment

• Costly

Field testing advantages

• Conducted in the sporting environment

• Not costly 

• Often do not need equipment

Field testing disadvantages

• Environment can alter test results

• Machines are not are not doing the testing (human error) 

Maximal testing advantages

• Measurements can be more accurate 

• Gold standard (highly accepted)

Maximal testing disadvantages

• Risk of injury

• Difficult to ensure athlete is working to max level

Maximal testing examples

beep test, max rep when lifting, sit and reach 

Submaximal testing examples

step test, cooper test

Submaximal testing advantages

prevents injury

Submaximal testing disadvantages

Hard to measure or know the level of effort

Null Hypothesis (H₀)

a statement that there is no significant effect, difference, or relationship between variables

Alternative Hypothesis (H_A or H₁)

claims there is a significant effect, difference, or relationship between variables

Training Theory

encompasses all aspects of fitness knowledge, & there are a number of essential elements & basic training principles that apply to all types of exercise programs.

Warm-up

• increase your body temperature, heart rate, & breathing rate

• decreases the amount of muscle or joint soreness

• reduce the risk of injury

Progression & Overload

gradual increase in training load by changing one or more factors from the FITT principle.

Specificity

specific to the type of strength required & related to the particular demands of the sport.

Reversibility/Detraining

when performance deteriorates after training ceases or intensity decreases.

Variety

providing different activities and drills while still addressing the aims of the training program.

Cool Down

Light continuous activity to keep HR elevated. 

Purpose is to help:

• Remove lactic acid

• Limit DOMS 

• Prevents joint or muscle injury

Should end with light stretching to improve flexibility.

Resting Heart Rate (RHR)

Lowest HR or least amount of blood required.

• Between 60 -100bpm.

Factors affect HR include:

• Temperatures

• Body position

• Emotions

• Body Weight

• Medication

Training Heart Rate (THR)

is based on the linear relationship between HR & VO₂ max with increasing rates of work. This is the HR a person is trying to reach for a specific goal. 

Maximum Heart Rate (MHR):

maximum heart rate that you can attain that is based on your genetics. A person should not train at this rate.

Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)  formula =

220- age

The Karvonen Method

Also called percent HR reserve method (HRR) takes into account the difference between HRrest & HRmax.

Important to select an exercise intensity appropriate to the health needs & fitness status of the individual.

THR = HRrest + %(HRmax-HRrest)

Borg Scale

method used to rate perceived exertion (RPE) by the athlete. Formed by assessing their body's physical signs such as:

• HR

• Breathing rate

• Perspiration

Standard Deviation (SA)

Spread of most of the data

Error Bars

overall distribution of the data. error bars shownin a graph represent a description of how confident you are that the mean represents the true value. (Wider error bars, less confident you are)

Small Standard Deviation

data is clustered closely around the mean

Large Standard Deviation

Indicates wider spread around the mean

Significant Difference

the results that are seen are most likely not dueto chance or sampling error

Coefficient of Variance

The ratio of standard deviation to mean expressed as a %. Used to compare the variability between 2 separate events.

Correlation

extent of relatedness or relationship between 2 variables. Can only indicate:

• how or to what extent variables are associated with each other

• correlation coefficient

Correlation Coefficient

degree of linear association between 2 variables

Pearson Product-moment Correlation Coefficient (r)

correlation between 2 variables X and Y. Correlation Coefficient will be a value between +1.000 and -1.000.

T-test

If there is a statistical difference between means of 2 sets of data.

Multistage Fitness Test (MSFT)

Beep or bleep test. Requires participants to perform repeated 20-meter shuttles at progressively increasing speeds until exhaustion is reached. 

Cooper’s 12 Minute run

Requires participants to run/walk as far as they can in a period of 12 mins. Total distance is then entered into and equation to estimate VO2 max.

Harvard Step Test

Based on recovery of heart rate after performing a fixed amount of work.

Sergeant Jump Test

measures the height that the individual can jump from a standing position.

Accuracy

the degree to which the result of a measurement, calculation, or specification conforms to the correct value or a standard.

Reliability

the degree to which a measure would produce the same result from one occasion to another. 

Validity

the test actual measures what it claims to measure.

Report Layout

Research Design, Data analysis, conclusion, evaluation, references, appendix