cell structure

cell structure

An organized framework that supports and maintains the shape and integrity of the cell

anaphase

stages of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles

anchoring proteins

attach the cell membrane to other cells or structures inside and outside the cell

carrier proteins

Transport specific molecules across the cell membrane by changing shape

centrioles

help organize spindle fibers during cell division

centrosome

region containing Central Lloyds main microtubule-organizing Center

channel proteins

form pores in the membrane to allow passage of ions or water

chromatin

a DNA and protein complex that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division

chromosome

condensed DNA carrying genetic information

cilia

hair-like projections that move fluid or materials across a cell surface

cyclin

proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle

cytoplasm

jelly-like substance where organelles are suspended and reactions are cured

cytoskeleton

network of fibers providing structure, shape, and intercellular transport

cytosol

fluid portion of the cytoplasm contains dissolved nutrients and I

DNA

carries genetic information for cell function and heredity

Endocytosis

the process of taking materials into the cell

Enzymes

proteins that speed up reactions

Exocytosis

the process of releasing materials from the cell through vessels

extracellular fluid

fluid outside cells that provides nutrients and removes waste

fixed ribosomes

ribosomes attached to rough ER makes proteins for secretion or membranes

flagella

long tail like structures used for cell movement

free ribosomes

ribosomes were floating and cytoplasm make proteins for use inside the cell

gene

segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

Golgi apparatus

Modifies sorts and packages proteins and lipids for transport

integral protein

embedded in the cell membrane, used for transport or signaling

intermediate filaments

provide mechanical strength and maintain cell shape

interphase

between cell divisions, where the cell grows and replicates DNA

interstitial fluid

fluid between cells, providing nutrients and waste removal

Lysosomes

contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and old organelles

Meiosis

cell division that produces gametes with half the chromosome number

metaphase plate

the middle region of the cell where chromosomes align during metaphase

microfilaments

thin protein fibers involved in the cell movement and shape

microtubules

hollow tubes that maintain shape and form the Mitotic spindle

microvilli

tiny projections that increase surface area for absorption

mitochondria

produce ATP energy through cellular respiration

Mitosis

division of the nucleus to form two identical daughter cells

nuclear envelope

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus

nuclear pores

openings in the nuclear envelope allowing material exchange

nucleolus

produces ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits

nucleus

controls activities and contains genetic information

peripheral protein

loosely attached to the membrane surface, often for signaling or support

Peroxisomes

break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances

Phagocytosis

cell eating and engulfing large particles or cells

Phospholipids

form the main structure of the cell membrane

Pinocytosis

cell drinking takes in fluids and dissolves substances

plasma membrane

controls what enters and leaves the cell

prophase

first stage of meiosis, chromosomes condense, and the spindle forms

proteases

enzymes that break down proteins

proteasomes

organelles that degrade unneeded or damaged proteins

receptor proteins

bind to specific molecules and trigger cell responses

Recognition proteins

identify a cell as self or non-self to the immune system

Ribosome

site of protein synthesis

RNA

transfers the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis

rough endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes and modifies proteins studded with ribosomes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes lipids and detoxifies

sodium-potassium pump

actively transports sodium out and potassium into the cell to maintain balance

telophase

Final stage of meiosis to new nuclei form and chromosomes uncoil

ubiquitin

tags undamaged or unneeded protein for destruction by proteasomes