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What do the structure and function of enzymes do
contribute to the regulation of biological processes
What are enzymes
biological catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy
When does denaturation of an enzyme occur
when the protein structure is disrupted eliminating the ability to catalyze reactions
What will environmental temperatures and pH outside of optimal ranges for an enzyme cause
changes to the structure and altering the efficiency resulting in catalyzes reactions
How does environmental pH affect enzymes
can disrupt hydrogen bonds with enzyme structure
What determines the effectiveness of an enzymatic reaction process
relative concentrations of substances and products
How does higher environmental temperatures increase the rate of reactions
by increasing the speed of movement of molecules in solutions, increasing the frequency of collisions between enzymes and substrates
How and where can competitive inhibitor molecules bind
reversible or irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme
Where can noncompetitive inhibitor molecules bind
to allosteric sites
What is the second law of thermodynamics
energy input must exceed energy loss, cellular processes that release energy may be coupled with cellular processes that require energy, loss of order or energy flow results in death
How does photosynthesis work
by capturing energy from the sun to produce sugars
Where did photosynthesis first evoolve
prokaryotic organsims
What was responsible for the production of oxygenated atmosphere
photosynthesis from prokaryotic cyanobacterial cells
What were the original pathways for eukaryotic photosynthesis
prokaryotic photosynthesis
What do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis within eukaryotes involve
a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture energy present in light to yeild ATP and NADPH
Where is light absorbed in photosynthesis and what does this cause
absorbed by chlorophylls boosting electrons to a higher energy level in photosystems I and II
Where are photosystems I and II located and how are they connected
embedded in the internal membrane of chloroplasts and connected by the transfer of higher energy electrons through electron transport chain.(ETC)
What is established through the ETC within the internal membrane
electrochemical gradient of protons (hydrogen ions)
What is linked to the formation of the proton gradient
the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP sysnthase
What powers carbohydrate production within the Calvin cycle
ATP and NADPH
Where does fermentation and cellular respiration acquire energy
macromolecules
Where do ETC reactions occur
chloroplasts, mitochondria, and prokaryotic plasma membranes
what is the terminal electron acceptor in cellular resperation
oxygen
What is the terminal electron acceptor in photosynthesis
NADP+
What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic prokaryotes
oxygen
What is the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic prokaryotes
other molecules
What is oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
What is the difference between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation- cellular respiration process
photophosphorylation- photosynthesis process
In cellular respiration how can heat be generated
decoupling the oxidative phosphorylation from the ETC
What is glycolysis
a biochemical pathway that releases energy in glucose to from ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate and NADH from NAD+ and pyruvate
Where is pyruvate transported
from the cytosol to the mitochondrion for further oxidation
What occurs in the Krebs cycle
CO2 releases from organic intermediates, ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and electrons are transferred to the coenzymes NADH and PADH2
What does fermentation do for glycolysis
proceed without oxygen and produce organic waste molecules (i.e alcohol and lactic acid)
What does molecular level variation do
responded to a variety of environmental stimuli
What does variation in the number and type of molecules within cells do
greater ability to survive and/or reproduce in different environments
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Flashcard (46)