Unit Three: Cellular Energetics- essential knowledge

What do the structure and function of enzymes do

contribute to the regulation of biological processes

What are enzymes

biological catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy

When does denaturation of an enzyme occur

when the protein structure is disrupted eliminating the ability to catalyze reactions

What will environmental temperatures and pH outside of optimal ranges for an enzyme cause

changes to the structure and altering the efficiency resulting in catalyzes reactions

How does environmental pH affect enzymes

can disrupt hydrogen bonds with enzyme structure

What determines the effectiveness of an enzymatic reaction process

relative concentrations of substances and products

How does higher environmental temperatures increase the rate of reactions

by increasing the speed of movement of molecules in solutions, increasing the frequency of collisions between enzymes and substrates

How and where can competitive inhibitor molecules bind

reversible or irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme

Where can noncompetitive inhibitor molecules bind

to allosteric sites

What is the second law of thermodynamics

energy input must exceed energy loss, cellular processes that release energy may be coupled with cellular processes that require energy, loss of order or energy flow results in death

How does photosynthesis work

by capturing energy from the sun to produce sugars

Where did photosynthesis first evoolve

prokaryotic organsims

What was responsible for the production of oxygenated atmosphere

photosynthesis from prokaryotic cyanobacterial cells

What were the original pathways for eukaryotic photosynthesis

prokaryotic photosynthesis

What do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis within eukaryotes involve

a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture energy present in light to yeild ATP and NADPH

Where is light absorbed in photosynthesis and what does this cause

absorbed by chlorophylls boosting electrons to a higher energy level in photosystems I and II

Where are photosystems I and II located and how are they connected

embedded in the internal membrane of chloroplasts and connected by the transfer of higher energy electrons through electron transport chain.(ETC)

What is established through the ETC within the internal membrane

electrochemical gradient of protons (hydrogen ions)

What is linked to the formation of the proton gradient

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP sysnthase

What powers carbohydrate production within the Calvin cycle

ATP and NADPH

Where does fermentation and cellular respiration acquire energy

macromolecules

Where do ETC reactions occur

chloroplasts, mitochondria, and prokaryotic plasma membranes

what is the terminal electron acceptor in cellular resperation

oxygen

What is the terminal electron acceptor in photosynthesis

NADP+

What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic prokaryotes

oxygen

What is the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic prokaryotes

other molecules

What is oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation

the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

What is the difference between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation- cellular respiration process
photophosphorylation- photosynthesis process

In cellular respiration how can heat be generated

decoupling the oxidative phosphorylation from the ETC

What is glycolysis

a biochemical pathway that releases energy in glucose to from ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate and NADH from NAD+ and pyruvate

Where is pyruvate transported

from the cytosol to the mitochondrion for further oxidation

What occurs in the Krebs cycle

CO2 releases from organic intermediates, ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and electrons are transferred to the coenzymes NADH and PADH2

What does fermentation do for glycolysis

proceed without oxygen and produce organic waste molecules (i.e alcohol and lactic acid)

What does molecular level variation do

responded to a variety of environmental stimuli

What does variation in the number and type of molecules within cells do

greater ability to survive and/or reproduce in different environments