Soci 1000

Sociology 1000 (week 1-3)

Emile Durkheim’s work

Studied suicide

5 books

Reviewed Jean Jacques Rousseau work

Emile Durkheim’s beliefs

Soci diff than philosophy and psych

C+ D served purpose in a society

Society reason for individuals feelings

Society above individuals

Emile Durkheim’s 5 reasons

Too many choices (fail)

Excessive hope (disappointment)

Too much freedom

Atheism (religion brings family)

Weakening of relationships (sense of family)

Social inequality

Gap between advantages is disadvantaged

Social institutions

Include family, religion, Econ, education. The “norms”

Social change

Secularization (losing religion)

Main goals of sociology

General themes of everyday life

Finds common sense in societies and why

How individuals are shaped by society and how society is shaped by individuals

Independent variables

Can impact other variables

High Econ status can be from more years of school

Dependant variable

Doesn’t impact other variables

Quantitative research

can be counted

Qualitative research

Social process (less things)

Quantitative surveys

Large sum of people

Can be world wide

Characteristics, attitudes, behaviour

Quantitative experiments

How a factor impacts a behaviour

In depth answers

Follow up

Qualitative interview

Ask questions and record

Allow in depth answers

Qualitative observations or ethnography

Engages with people to understand their experiences

Takes a lot of time

Study documents

Focus groups (interviews with people at the same time)

Sociology provides:

Skills

A sense of self

Structural funtionalism

One of the oldest disciplines

How different structures work together

Society acts like a human body

Socialization ensures a growing society

Conflict theory

Karl Marx

Socialization is not always functional (inequality)

Behaviour and relations are because of conflict between classes

Asks questions (who has power, socialization help or hinder inequality)

Marx primary classes

Capitalists : have workers and more power

Workers : work

Feminist theory

Harriet Martneau + Jane Addams

Broadened Marx theory

Focuses on gender conflict

Man have more social power

Patriarchy

Symbolic integrationist

Socialization is influenced on daily interactions and experiences

Friends, family, school, work

George Herbert Mead + Charles Horton Cooley

Herbert Bloomer

Herbert Bloomer (symbolic integrationist)

Act toward things based on meanings assigned (things passed down)

Things have meaning due to social interactions

Interpretive process to understand meanings

George Herbert Mead (self and socialization)

Children learn by copying

Role play: kids pretend to be other people

Game stage: kids learn complex game rules

Kids think about themselves through the eyes of other people

Charles Horton Cooley (looking glass self)

Our sense of self comes from others reactions

Others act as a mirror to help understand how we appear

Primary socialization

People learn rules of society

Learn attitudes, values, actions socially acceptable

Family is important here

Secondary socialization

People learn the appropriate behaviour of a subculture

A smaller more local level

Teams, class rooms etc.

Anticipatory socialization

Where people rehearse for potential roles in the future (work hours to sw)

Resasialization

Where people are socialized to replace and old role in their lives with a new one

Gender socialization

Learning how to behave in association to gender norms

Taught how to act according to our gender throughout life

Aging and socialization

Cultur and institutions of our society and the time period shapes the process of socialization

Performance of social roles

Goffman and dramaturgical perspectives. Believes learning to perform roles is part of socialization. (Front stage and backstage)

Front stage: who society wants you to be

Backstage: who you really are

Self and social media

Clara Pollar

Presentation of self and social media

Deviance

Breaks a social standard

Not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant acts are crimes

Severity of public responce

Perceived harmfulness

Degree of public agreement

Minor deviances

Not harmful nor criminal

Lesser crimes

Not a serious deviant act(doesn’t cause social harm) but is criminal

Consensus crime

Illegal

Harmful to society

Serious punishment

White collar crime

High social cost

Bad impact on society

Motivated by greed

Social construction

Berger + Luckman

Knowledge production is an interactive effort which is created socially

Based on the symbolic interactionist theory

Berger and Luckman social construct theory

Categorize experiences and act on the categories

Simultaneously forget how these categories have social origins (not natural or permanent)

Crimes 4 main functions (Durkheim)

Affirms cultural norms and values

Society’s responce shows people right and wrong

Responding to deviance and crime brings together society

Deviance and crime spur social change

Social explanations (strain theory)

When someone’s goals aren’t possible to to the opportunities they’re given, they may turn deviant

Social explanations (subcultural theory)

Focuses on the cultures role on people and society

Social explanations (learning theory)

Edwin Sutherland

Combination of both subcultural and strain theory

Different environments have different opportunities

Being exposed to criminal or deviant behaviour may cause criminal or deviant behaviour

Social explanations (control theory)

Travis Hirschi

Weak social control leads to criminal and deviant behaviour (weak beliefs or no good role models)

Social explanations (labeling theory)

Howard Becker

Crime and deviance caused by labelling

Someone seen as deviant or criminal will turn to criminal or deviant behaviour

Two deviant acts

Primary deviance

Common acts of deviancy

Not washing hands

Secondary deviance

More serious

May start hanging with other criminals or deviant people

Canadian youth criminal justice act knows that labelling impacts you life so they do not reveal minors identity which prevents young people from being labeled

Milgram

Tested to see how people would follow orders from authority figures

Zimbardo

Tested how far people will go when following orders in Stanford prison

Crime rates

Women do 25%

Younger people commit more crimes

Indigenous and black people for likely to found punished for crimes

Punishment

Fines, community service, imprisonment, restorative justice

Retribution

A punishment equal to the crime

Deterrence

To convince people not to repeat or start doing crimes

Rehabilitation

Healing or reforming criminals

An example could be parole or early release for good behaviour

Probation

Released into the community under specific conditions

Sociological imagination

C Wright Mills

Neither the life of an individual or the history of a society can be understood without understanding both

Karl Marx

Conflict theory

Harriet Martneau and Jane Addams

Feminist theory

Herbert Bloomer

Symbolic integrationist

George Herbert Mead

Self and socializatiom

Charles Horton Cooley

Looking glass self

Berger and Luckman

Social construct theory

Edwin Sutherland

Learning theory

Travis Hirschi

Control theory

Howard Becker

Labeling theory

C Wright Mills

Sociological imagination