PHARMACOLOGY Review

The official name of a drug is termed?

a. generic

b. trade

c. chemical

generic

How many generic names can a drug have?

one

True or False: Generic names have a capital letter.

false, dot not have capital letter

A drug must be __________ and _____________ equivalent.

biologically and therapeutically

Two formulations of a drug that produce similar concentrations in the blood and tissue (rate) is known as?

a. biologically equivalent

b. therapeutically equivalent

a. biologically equivalent

How many names can a trade name have?

multiple

True or False: The first letter is capitalized for trade names.

true

How many phases of clinical testing are there?

4

Which phase of drug development is when small doses are given to small number of healthy human volunteers ?

a. Phase I

b. Phase II

c. Phase III

d. Phase IV

phase I

Which phase of drug development determines human safety?

a. Phase I

b. Phase II

c. Phase III

d. Phase IV

phase I

Which phase of drug development is when a large number of healthy humans get the drug?

a. Phase I

b. Phase II

c. Phase III

d. Phase IV

phase II

Which phase of drug development tests effectiveness and adverse reactions are noted?

a. Phase I

b. Phase II

c. Phase III

d. Phase IV

phase II

Which phase of drug development is when drug us given to a large number of people that have a condition to be treated?

a. Phase I

b. Phase II

c. Phase III

d. Phase IV

phase III

Which phase of drug development tests safety and determines dosage?

a. Phase I

b. Phase II

c. Phase III

d. Phase IV

phase III

Which phase of drug development determines post marketing surveillance?

a. Phase I

b. Phase II

c. Phase III

d. Phase IV

phase IV

Which phase of drug development documents toxicity in patients taking drug after it has been released and when sometimes drugs get taken off the market?

a. Phase I

b. Phase II

c. Phase III

d. Phase IV

phase IV

How many scheduled classes are drugs divided into?

5

Which agency monitors drugs for the potential of abuse?

DEA

Which schedule drug requires a prescription?

II, III, IV

Which schedule drug must be typed or written for refill?

a. Schedule I

b. Schedule II

c Schedule III

d. Schedule IV

e. Schedule V

schedule II

Which schedule drug can be telephoned in to the pharmacy 5 times in 6 months? Select all that apply

a. Schedule I

b. Schedule II

c Schedule III

d. Schedule IV

e. Schedule V

schedule III and IV

as schedule number increases abuse potential ___

decreases

Which schedule drug is not accepted for medical use such as heroin and marijuana?

a. Schedule I

b. Schedule II

c Schedule III

d. Schedule IV

e. Schedule V

schedule I

Opioid narcotics falls into which schedule drug?

a. Schedule I

b. Schedule II

c Schedule III

d. Schedule IV

e. Schedule V

schedule II

Codeine mixtures (Tylenol #3) falls into which schedule drug?

a. Schedule I

b. Schedule II

c Schedule III

d. Schedule IV

e. Schedule V

schedule III

The amount of drug to produce a therapeutic effect is known as?

a. potency

b. efficacy

c. onset

d. duration

potency

Where is the potency of a drug shown on a log dose curve?

x axis

A less potent drug needs ____ of the drug. (less or more)

more

A more potent drug needs _____ of the drug. (less or more)

less

The maximum intensity of effect produced by a drug is known as?

a. potency

b. efficacy

c. onset

d. duration

b. efficacy

Where is the efficacy shown on a log dose curve?

height

True or False: If you give more of a drug, the efficacy will increase.

False, increases toxicity

True or False: Efficacy and potency are related.

false, unrelated

The time for the drug to start having an effect?

a. potency

b. efficacy

c. onset

d. duration

onset

The length of time the effect is present is known as?

a. potency

b. efficacy

c. onset

d. duration

duration

The time it takes for drug concentration to fall to 50% of original blood level is known as?

half life

The measurement of the safety of a drug is known as?

therapeutic index

Drug or substance that kills bacteria and is irreversible is known as?

a. bacteriostatic

b. bacteriocidal

c. resistance

d. antifungal

bacteriocidal

Drug or substance that orevents growth of bacteria is known as?

a. bacteriostatic

b. bacteriocidal

c. resistance

d. antifungal

bacteriocidal

The natural or acquired ability of an organism to be immune to or resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent is known as?

resistance

The range of activity of a drug is known as?

spectrum

When a combination of two agents produces less effect than either agent alone it is known as?

a. synergism

b. antagonism

antagonism

When an interaction between two agents such as total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects it is known as?

a. synergism

b. antagonism

synergism

A drug that produces an effect and has affinity for a receptor or cell membrane it is known as?

a. antagonist

b. agonist

c. partial agonist

agonist

A drug that counteracts the action of an agonist is known as?

a. antagonist

b. agonist

c. partial agonist

antagonist

Pharmokinetics is best described as which four mechanisms?

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

When a drug transfers from sight of administration to blood stream it is known as?

a. Absorption

b. Distribution

c. Metabolism

d. Excretion

absorption

When a drug gets distributed by blood plasma is it known as?

a. Absorption

b. Distribution

c. Metabolism

d. Excretion

distribution

True or False: Lipid soluble and ionized drugs diffuse easily across the membranes.

false: lipid soluble and unionized diffuse more easily

What are 7 factors that influence absorption?

1. lipid solubility

2. charge

3. size of molecule

4. site of absorption

5. solubility

6. infection

7. blood flow at injection site

Where is oral route drugs absorbed?

mainly by small inestine

When is absorption bypassed?

when given IV

What is the most important site for drug absorption of orally administered drugs?

small intestine

What are some factors that affects distribution of a drug? (4)

1. organ size /amount of blood flow

2. drug solubility

3. plasma protein binding power

4. barriers ***

What exerts the effect of drug?

free drug

What are two barriers for drug distribution?

blood brain barrier and placental barrier

During metabolism , the liver takes the drug and converts it into what?

metabolite (ionized and less lipid soluble so body can get rid of it)

The body's way of changing a drug so that it can be excreted is known as?

a. Absorption

b. Distribution

c. Metabolism

d. Excretion

metabolism

Where is the most common location for biotransformation?

liver

What are the three metabolism mechanism?

active to inactive

active to active (long half life)

inactive to active (prodrug)

What is the most common metabolism mechanism?

active to inactive

Which health problems can affects metabolism?

hepatitis or alcoholism

When the liver inactivates some drugs it is known as?

first pass effect

When a constant percentage of drug is removed from body per unit of time it is known as?

first order of kinetics

When a constant amount of drug is removed from the body per unit time?

zero order of kinetics

Which drugs have zero order of kinetics?

aspirin and alcohol

What is the most common excretion site ?

kidneys

Besides the kidneys, what are some other areas of drug excretion?

lungs

saliva

breast milk

sweat

gingival crevicular fluid

True or False: lipid soluble drugs can be excreted in urine.

False, must be metabolized by liver into water soluble form to be excreted by urine

What is the major route of fluoride excretion?

urine

What are the different routes of asministration?

enteral and parenteral

When a drug is placed directly in GI tract it is given by which route?

enteral (orally and rectal)

Where must orally delivered drugs pass through?

hepatic portal circulation (first pass effect)

Which enzymes in the liver are responsible for first pass effect?

P-450 enzymes

the amount of drug available to produce systemic effect is reduced by ???

first pass effect

if a drug has a high first pass effect what is needed?

larger oral dose

Which route of administration bypasses the GI tract?

parenteral

What are three parenteral routes?

inhalation

injection

topical

Nitrous oxide is an example of which route of administration?

inhalation (parentetal)

The therapeutic effects is ? (3 things)

predictable

dose related

targets organs

An undesirable side effect of a drug is known as

adverse reaction

A side effect is (3 things)?

expected response

dose related

nontarget organs

A toxic reaction is ? (3 things)

expected response (exaggerated response of therapeutic effect)

dose related

target organs

True or False: An allergic reaction is non predictable and not dose related.

true

Mild allergic reactions can be treated with?

antihistamine or steroids

Life threatening allergic reaction can be treated with which injection?

epinephrine

Which category is the least teratogenic?

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. X

A

Which category is the most teratogenic?

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. X

X

The therapeutic index is ?

LD50/ED50

the dose that kills approximately 50% of the animals is known as what?

lethal dose

The does that produces effect in 50% of animals is known as

effective dose

What shows the safety of a drug?

therapeutic index

What is safer, a wider or narrow therapeutic index?

wider

Name 7 medications that have a narrow therapeutic index

carbamazepine

cyclosporine

digoxin

levothryroxine

lithium

phenytoin

warfarin

Which nervous system controls involuntary responses?

autonomic

What are the two systems of the autonomic system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Which system is the fight or flight?

sympathetic

Which system is the rest and digest?

parasympathetic

Sympathetic have _______ preganglionic fibers and _______ postganglionic fibers

short and long

In the SANS , what is released by adrenal medulla?

epinephrine and small amount of NE