soc chapter 9/10

Patriarch/property marriage

A model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men.

Breadwinner/homemaker marriage

A model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children.

Family wage

An income paid to a man that is large enough to support a non-working wife and children.

Ideology of separate spheres

The idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men.

Heteronormative

Promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity.

Mononormative

Promoting monogamy or the requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other.

Second shift

The unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that family members face after returning home from their paid jobs.

Hegemonic masculinity

The form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture.

Sexism

The production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female.

Partnership unions

A relationship model based on love and companionship between equals.

Androcentrism

The production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity.

Pro‐natal

Promoting childbearing and stigmatizing the choice to go child-free.

Time‐use diary

A research method in which participants self-report their activities at regular intervals over at least twenty-four hours.

Ideal worker norm

The idea that an employee should devote themselves wholly to their jobs without family distractions.

Shared division of labor

An arrangement in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work.

Specialized division of labor

An arrangement where one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework, and the other does the inverse.

Ideology of intensive motherhood

The idea that children require concentrated maternal investment.

Feminization of poverty

A concentration of women, trans women, and gender-nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale.

Glass escalator

An invisible ride to the top offered to men in female‐dominated occupations.

Job segregation

The sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations.

Androcentric pay scale

The positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees.

Care work

Work involving face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others.

Stalled revolution

A change in gender relations that started but has yet to be fully realized.

Domestic outsourcing

Paying non-family members to do family-related tasks.

Freedom/power paradox

A situation where women have more freedom than men but less power, and vice versa.

Male flight

A phenomenon where men abandon an activity as women start adopting it.

Global care chains

A series of nurturing relationships where international care work is displaced onto disadvantaged workers.

Social closure

A process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others.

Power elite

The idea that a small, networked group controls the most powerful positions in social institutions.

Social reproduction

The process by which society maintains its enduring character from generation to generation.

Pluralist theory of power

The idea that U.S. politics is characterized by competing groups achieving their goals together.

Social capital

The number of people we know and the resources they can offer us.

Cultural capital

Symbolic resources that communicate one's social status.

Ethnography

A research method involving careful observation of social interaction, often as a participant.

Fit

The feeling that our mix of cultural capital matches our social context.

Field notes

Descriptive accounts of what occurred in the field, alongside sociological observations.

Individualism

The idea that people are independent actors responsible primarily for themselves.

Xenophobia

Prejudice against people defined as foreign.

Collectivism

The idea that people are interdependent actors with responsibilities primarily to the group.

Cultural hegemony

Power maintained primarily by persuasion.

Hegemonic ideologies

Shared ideas about how human life should be organized used to manufacture consent to existing social conditions.