soc chapter 9/10

Patriarch/property marriage: a model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men (231)

Breadwinner/homemaker marriage: a model of marriage that involves a wage‐earning spouse supporting a stay‐at‐home spouse and children (232)

Family wage: an income, paid to a man, that is large enough to support a non‐working wife and children (233)

Ideology of separate spheres: the idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men (233)

Heteronormative: promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity, making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior (234)

Mononormative: promoting monogamy, or the requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other (234)

Second shift: the unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs (242)

Hegemonic masculinity: the form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture (241)

Sexism: the production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female (238)

Partnership unions: a relationship model based on love and companionship between equals (236)

Androcentrism: the production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity (238)

Pro‐natal: promoting childbearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child‐free (235)

Time‐use diary: a research method in which participants are asked to self‐report their activities at regular intervals over at least twenty‐four hours (243)

Ideal worker norm: the idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities (244)

Shared division of labor: an arrangement in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work (245)

Specialized division of labor: an arrangement in which one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework, and the other does the inverse (245)

Ideology of intensive motherhood: the idea that children require concentrated maternal investment (245)

Feminization of poverty: a concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexual, and gender‐nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of gender‐conforming, heterosexual, cisgender men at the top (249)

Glass escalator: an invisible ride to the top offered to men in female‐dominated occupations (250)

Job segregation: the sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations (250)

Androcentric pay scale: a positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees (250)

Care work: work that involves face‐to‐face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others (250)

Stalled revolution: a sweeping change in gender relations that started but has yet to be fully realized (254)

Domestic outsourcing: paying non‐family members to do family‐related tasks (255)

Freedom/power paradox: a situation whereby women have more freedom than men but less power, and men have more power than women but less freedom (254)

Male flight: a phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it (253)

Global care chains: a series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid workers (25

social closure
a process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others (266)

power elite
the idea that a small group of networked individuals controls the most powerful positions in our social institutions (262)

social reproduction
the process by which society maintains an enduring character from generation to generation (260)

pluralist theory of power
the idea that U.S. politics is characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals (262)

social capital
the number of people we know and the resources they can offer us (263)

power elite
a relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important social institutions (261)

cultural capital
symbolic resources that communicate one's social status (266)

ethnography
a research method that involves careful observation of naturally occurring social interaction, often as a participant (271)

fit
the feeling that our particular mix of cultural capital matches our social context (270)

field notes
descriptive accounts of what occurred in the field, alongside tentative sociological observations (272)

field
the place or places where ethnographers conduct participant observation (271)

individualism
the idea that people are independent actors responsible primarily for themselves (281)

xenophobia
prejudice against people defined as foreign (282)

collectivism
the idea that people are interdependent actors with responsibilities primarily to the group (281)

cultural hegemony
power maintained primarily by persuasion (276)

hegemonic ideologies
shared ideas about how human life should be organized that are used to manufacture our consent to existing social conditions (276)