Untitled Flashcard Set

What are the two main systems involved in coordinating bodily functions and responses to internal and external conditions?

The nervous system and the endocrine system.

What essential role does water play in the body?

Water is essential for physiological function and must be balanced with electrolytes for optimal body function.

What are the three macronutrients that provide energy to the body?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

What is the role of the nervous system?

To sense internal and external conditions and to coordinate the body's physiological responses.

Define a synapse.

A synapse is a junction between two neurons where electrical impulses are transmitted.

What distinguishes afferent neurons from efferent neurons?

Afferent neurons carry sensory information to the central nervous system, while efferent neurons carry motor commands away from the central nervous system.

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite changes in external environments.

What is a reflex action?

A reflex action is an involuntary and instantaneous response to a stimulus.

List the main functions of the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.

Where is glucagon secreted from?

Glucagon is secreted from the pancreas.

What is the primary difference between nervous and hormonal control?

Nervous control is fast and short-lived, while hormonal control is slower and longer-lasting.

What are the effects of adrenaline on the body?

Adrenaline increases heart rate, energy availability, and prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

Define what hormones are.

Hormones are chemical substances produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulate various functions in the body.

What are the two types of hormones based on their action range?

Circulating hormones (that travel through the bloodstream) and local hormones (that affect nearby cells).

What happens to the body when electrolytes are not properly balanced during exercise?

Improper electrolyte balance can lead to muscle cramps, fatigue, and impaired performance.

Describe the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

ADH helps regulate water retention in the kidneys, reducing urine output.

What is the concept of hypertonicity in relation to ADH secretion?

Hypertonicity triggers the secretion of ADH to retain water and reduce body fluid concentration.

What components are included in the reflex arc?

Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector.

What differentiates saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

What are proprioceptors?

Proprioceptors are sensory receptors that provide information about body position and movement.

How does temperature affect the body's sweat rate during exercise?

Higher temperatures increase sweat rates as the body attempts to cool itself down.

What is cardiovascular drift?

Cardiovascular drift refers to the gradual increase in heart rate during steady-state endurance exercise, even at a constant workload.

What is a dehydration reaction?

A dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water to form a new bond, such as in the formation of disaccharides and triglycerides.