Anatomy Chapter 7, 8, & 9

A bone that is cuboidal in shape is a ______ bone
A) long
B) short
C) flat
D) irregular

short

Where are blood vessels and nerves found?
A) concentric lamellae
B) circumferential lamellae
C) canaliculi
D) central canal

circumferential lamellae

These structures house osteocytes
A) lacunae
B) perforating canals
C) central canals
D) canaliculi

lacunae

Which bone develops by intramembranous ossification?
A) vertebrae
B) cranium
C) pelvis
D) humerus
E) femur

cranium

Which vitamin normally functions as a hormone?
A) vitamin A
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin E

vitamin D

Which of the following is not one of the steps of bone fracture healing?
A) hematoma formation
B) formation of granulation tissue
C) callus formation
D) remodeling
E) All of the above are stages in fracture healing

hematoma formation

Functions of the skeletal system include all of the following except
A) acid-base balance
B) blood cell production
C) produce hormones which regulate blood glucose
D) hemopoiesis
E) regulation of certain electrolytes

acid-base balance

The skull bones are classified as ___________ bones
A) long
B) irregular
C) short
D) flat

flat

Which of the following is a mature bone cell that appears to be responsible for the overall supervision of bone maintenance?
A) osteogenic cells
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocytes
D) endosteum cells
E) osteoclasts

osteocytes

The basic structural unit of compact bone is termed
A) lamellae
B) periosteum
C) endosteum
D) osteon
E) canaliculi

osteon

Immature bone cells that are largely responsible for building boney matrix are called______
A) osteoclasts
B) osteocytes
C) osteoblasts
D) osteoprogenitors
E) chondrocytes

osteoblasts

Blood cells develop in which region of a bone?
A) epiphysis
B) diaphysis
C) yellow marrow
D) red marrow
E) epiphyseal plate

red marrow

The first step in making a long bone such as the femur is
A) primary marrow space forms
B) chondrocytes in metaphysis calcify
C) chondrocytes in metaphysis hypertrophy
D) hyaline cartilage model is formed

hyaline cartilage is formed

Parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium concentration by all of the following except
A) stimulating the dissolving of bone matrix
B) increasing the number of osteoclasts
C) reducing calcium excretion
D) inhibiting osteoblasts
E) increasing vitamin D excretion

inhibiting osteoblasts

All of these organs or organ systems participate in vitamin D production or activation except
A) the heart
B) the parathyroid glands
C) the skin
D) the liver

the heart

Which of the following is the adult form of rickets in which the bones become softened and deformed?
A) osteomyelitis
B) osteochondroma
C) osteomalacia
D) osteoporosis

osteomalacia

Which of the following types of fractures is a bone broke into three or more pieces
A) spiral
B) comminuted
C) impacted
D) greenstick

comminuted

Which condition results from little exercise and lack of estrogen after menopause
A) osteomalacia
B) osteoporosis
C) rickets
D) Paget's disease

osteoporosis

In an adult, red marrow is not found in the
A) diaphysis of the femur
B) frontal and parietal bones
C) ribs
D) pelvic bones

frontal and parietal bones

Calcium is stored in
A) bones extracellular matrix
B) osteocytes
C) marrow
D) harversian canals

bones extracellular matrix

Which of the following elements is not normally found in bone?
A) magnesium
B) lead
C) carbonate ions
D) potassium

carbonate ions

All of the following can reduce risk of developing osteoporosis except
A) performing weight-bearing exercise on a regular basis
B) avoiding medications containing bisphosphonates
C) consuming adequate daily amounts of calcium and vitamin D
D) avoiding smoking

avoiding medication containing bisphosphonates

The finger and toe bones are called
A) tarsals
B) carpals
C) patellae
D) phalanges

phalanges

Which bones does not form part of the orbit?
A) nasal bone
B) frontal bone
C) sphenoid bone
D) maxilla

nasal bone

The mastoid process is a bony extension of the
A) occipital bone
B) parietal bone
C) sphenoid bone
D) temporal bone

temporal bone

The sella turcica which surrounds the pituitary gland is part of the
A) frontal bone
B) sphenoid bone
C) ethmoid bone
D) nasal bone

sphenoid bone

The fontanels of the infant skull mainly permit
A) rapid growth of the brain
B) molding of the head to fit through the birth canal
C) easier transfer of heat
D) equalization of pressure within the infant skull

molding of the head to fit through the birth canal

Which of the following is (are) not considered a part of the thoracic cage?
A) clavicles
B) false ribs
C) floating ribs
D) sternum

clavicles

The coracoid process is located on the
A) clavicle
B) scapula
C) humerus
D) thoracic vertebrae

scapula

Which of the following is not a bone forming the coxa?
A) the pubis
B) the ilium
C) the symphysis pubis
D) the ischium

the symphysis pubis

Where in the femur do most hip fractures in the elderly occur?
A) greater trochanter
B) neck of the femur
C) lateral epicondyle
D) head of the femur

head of the femur

The lateral malleolus is a process on the
A) tibia
B) calcaneus
C) fibula
D) talus

fibula

Which bone forms the heel of the foot?
A) talus
B) phalanges
C) calcaneus
D) metatarsal

calcaneus

What structure is in only a few synovial joints?
A) a meniscus
B) articular cartilage
C) a joint capsule
D) synovial fluid

articular cartilage

Bending a joint so that the angle between the bones decreases is
A) extension
B) flexion
C) dorsiflexion
D) rotation

flexion

Moving a part toward the midline of the body is
A) pronation
B) plantar flexion
C) adduction
D) eversion

adduction

The wall of the diaphysis is composed mainly of spongy bone
A) True
B) False

False

The end of a long bone nearest to the trunk is the distal epiphysis.
A) True
B) False

True

Sutures of the skull are examples of fibrous joints
A) True
B) False

True

The primary ossification center in long bones is located in the center of the diaphysis.
A) True
B) False

True

It is the bones of the axial skeleton that primarily provide protection for internal organs
A) True
B) False

True

The function of yellow marrow is to store white blood cells
A) True
B) False

False

The sacrum is comprised of several fused vertebrae
A) True
B) False

False

Inadequate levels of blood calcium can impair blood clotting and conduction of nerve impulses
A) True
B) False

True

The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones
A) True
B) False

True

The radius is located on the thumb side of the forearm
A) true
B) false

True

The bones of the upper arms are classified as_________ bones
A) short
B) long
C) irregular
D) flat

long

The area of a bone that produces most of the hematopoietic tissue is the_______
A) periosteum
B) bone marrow
C) process
D) endosteum

bone marrow

Which of these developed by intramembranous ossification?
A) femur
B) frontal bone
C) ulna
D) radius

frontal bone

What is the final stage of healing following a fracture?
A) osteoclast remodeling
B) formation of granulation tissue
C) formation of the callus
D) osteoblast deposition

osteoclast remodeling

There are a total of_______bones in the entire skeleton
A) 200
B) 80
C) 126
D) 206

206

The canaliculi represent microscopic channels that were formed by the blood vessels in the bone
A) True
B) False

False

The more collagen a bone has, the more rigid its structure
A) True
B) False

True

Most of the skeleton in an embryo is cartilage
A) True
B) False

True

Primary ossification centers arise in the epiphyses of long bones
A) True
B) False

False

Cells that produce new cartilage matrix are called
A) chondroblasts
B) chondrocytes
C) chondroclasts
D) osteoblasts
E) fibroblasts

chondroblasts

The perichondrium
A) surrounds each lacunae in the matrix
B) contains mainly loose connective tissue
C) contains blood vessels and nerves
D) is important for the storage of fat
E) covers the surface of articular cartilage

covers the surface of articular cartilage

Cartilage
A) often occurs in thin plates or sheets
B) receives nutrients and oxygen by diffusion
C) is easily replaced if damaged
D) has a good blood supply
E) A and B

A) often occurs in thin plates or sheets

Which of these bone types is NOT matched with the correct example?
A) long bone-humerus
B) short bone-clavicle
C) flat bone-scapula
D) irregular bone-vertebrae

B) short bone-clavicle

In a long bone, the epiphyseal plate is
A) located in the center of the diaphysis.
B) the outer membrane layer on the diaphysis.
C) the location where growth occurs.
D) produced when the epiphyseal line changes to bone.
E) the location for fat storage.

C) the location where growth occurs.

The ends of long bones are called
A) diaphyses.
B) epiphyses.
C) lamellae.
D) trabeculae.

B) epiphyses.

The surface of the medullary cavity of long bones is lined with a connective tissue membrane called
A) periosteum.
B) epiphyseal plates.
C) endosteum.
D) perichondrium.
E) lamellae.

endosteum.

Which portion of a long bone stores yellow marrow in adults?
A) the epiphysis
B) the medullary cavity
C) periosteum
D) compact bone
E) the epiphyseal plate

the medullary cavity

Which of these locations does NOT contain red marrow in an adult?
A) ribs
B) skull
C) proximal femur
D) sternum
E) vertebrae

skull

The outer layer of bone, composed of dense, irregular, collagenous
connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves is called
A) endosteum.
B) concentric lamellae.
C) periosteum.
D) the epiphyseal plate.
E) the diaphysis.

periosteum.

Which of these statements is NOT true regarding bone?
A) Osteoblasts produce bone matrix.
B) Osteocytes are osteoblasts that have become surrounded by matrix.
C) Osteoclasts break down bone.
D) Osteocytes are connected to each other by Volkmann canals.
E) Osteocytes are found in lacunae.

Osteocytes are connected to each other by Volkmann's canals.

Bundles of collagen fibers that penetrate the periosteum into
the outer part of the bone are called
A) endosteums.
B) diaphyses.
C) epiphyses.
D) perforating fibers.
E) trabeculae.

perforating fibers.

Which of these substances is present in the largest quantity in bone?
A) collagen
B) hydroxyapatite
C) proteoglycan aggregates
D) lacunae cartilage

B) hydroxyapatite

__________ are stem cells that have the ability to become osteoblasts
or chondroblasts.
A) Osteocytes
B) Osteoclasts
C) Osteoprogenitor cells
D) Osteons
E) Chondrocytes

Osteoprogenitor cells

Which of these structures is found in compact bone, but not in cancellous bone?
A) osteoclasts
B) canaliculi
C) lamellae
D) central (haversian) canals
E) osteocytes

central (haversian) canals

Which of these structures is found within an osteon?
A) concentric lamella
B) interstitial lamella
C) circumferential lamella
D) periosteum
E) all of these

concentric lamella

Given these passageways:
1. canaliculi
2. central (haversian) canal
3. blood vessels in periosteum
4. perforating

Which of these represents the correct order as nutrients pass from outside the bone to the osteocytes?

A) 1,2,3,4
B) 2,4,1,3
C) 3,4,2,1
D) 3,1,4,2
E) 4,3,2,1

C) 3,4,2,1

Which of these bones is produced at least partly by intramembranous ossification?
A) clavicle
B) frontal
C) mandible
D) parietal
E) all of these

all of these

Membrane-covered spaces between developing skull bones are called
A) centers of ossification.
B) central canals.
C) fontanels.
D) perforating canals.
E) endochondral openings.

fontanels.

Endochondral ossification
A) occurs primarily in the bones of the skull.
B) involves calcification of the cartilage matrix.
C) produces bone in connective tissue membranes.
D) occurs when chondrocytes replace osteoblasts in the matrix.

involves calcification of the cartilage matrix.

Secondary ossification centers

A) are located in the diaphysis of the bone.
B) are located in the epiphysis of the bone.
C) are located in the fontanels.
D) appear during early fetal development.
E) are locations for intramembranous ossification.

are located in the epiphysis of the bone.

Growth in the length of a long bone stops when

A) the articular cartilage becomes completely ossified.
B) the epiphyseal plate becomes completely ossified.
C) appositional growth at the periosteum stops.
D) intramembranous ossification is complete.

the epiphyseal plate becomes completely ossified.

Which type of bone growth is responsible for an increase in the diameter of bones?
A) appositional growth
B) interstitial growth
C) endochondral growth
D) trabecular growth
E) intramembranous growth

appositional growth

Osteomalacia can occur as a result of a
A) vitamin C deficiency.
B) vitamin D deficiency.
C) lack of thyroid hormone.
D) lack of growth hormone.
E) lack of sex hormones.

vitamin D deficiency.

Arrange the following events in the correct order of occurrence after a bone is broken.

1. osteoblasts produce ossification
2. hematoma formation
3. internal fibrocartilage callus and external bone-cartilage callus
formation
4. woven bone is remodeled to form compact bone

A) 1,2,3,4
B) 2,3,4,1
C) 2,3,1,4
D) 2,4,1,3
E) 2,4,3,1

2,3,1,4

PTH is secreted from the ______, whereas calcitonin is secreted from the ____ .
A) thyroid gland, pancreas
B) thyroid gland, parathyroid gland
C) pancreas, pituitary
D) parathyroid gland, thyroid gland
E) adrenal gland, thyroid gland

parathyroid gland, thyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone causes
A) increased chondroblast activity.
B) increased bone breakdown.
C) decreased blood calcium levels.
D) increased calcium lost in the urine.
E) all of these

increased bone breakdown.

Compact bone is made of concentric rings of osteocytes called __________.

a. lacunae
b. osteons
c. canaliculi

osteons

The osteocytes of bone are arranged in concentric rings called
__________.
a. lamellae
b. lacunae
c. osteons

lamellae

Which of the following is the growing line or growth zone or growth plate of the long bones?

a. epiphysis
b. diaphysis
c. metaphysis

metaphysis

There is a membrane that surrounds the outer covering of bones. This membrane consists of special cells called osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and
osteoprogenitor cells. What is the name of the membrane?

a. articular cartilage
b. endosteum
c. periosteum

endosteum

When a bone is injured, the ________ cells from the periosteum will repair the bone or rebuild the bone.

a. osteoblast
b. osteoclast
c. osteocytes

osteocytes

The long bones of our body, such as the humerus and femur, are made of compact bone, periosteum, and endosteum. Which of the following
represents those bone components in proper sequence going from internal
to external?

a.) endosteum, compact bone, periosteum
b.) endosteum, periosteum, compact bone
c.) periosteum, compact bone, periosteum

endosteum, compact bone, periosteum

When a bone is broken, it must repair itself. The broken bone stimulates osteoblast cells to become osteocytes. Where are the osteoblast cells located?

a. in the bone marrow
b. in the periosteum
c. in the compact bone area

in the periosteum

Ligaments connect one bone to another and tendons connect a muscle to a bone. Ligaments and tendons connect to which part of bone material?
a. endosteum
b. epiphysis
c. periosteum

epiphysis

Bones store calcium ions. There are times when other parts of the body need calcium ions for chemical reactions (metabolism) to occur. The bones can supply those calcium ions by allowing calcium ions to leave the bones and enter into the bloodstream. The cells that induce this absorption of
calcium ions into the bloodstream are the "bone destroying cells" called
__________.
a. osteoblasts
b. osteoclasts
c. osteocytes

osteoclasts

Articular cartilage is found __________.
a. at the ends of the epiphysis
b. on the outside of the diaphysis
c. within the epiphyseal plate

at the ends of the epiphysis

Bone marrow is found within the __________.
a. compact bone
b. lamellae of the bone
c. spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone

spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone

This is a structure of a long bone that stores energy.
A. Diaphysis
B. Epiphysis
C. Metaphysis
D. Periosteum
E. Marrow

Marrow

This is the region of a long bone that articulates with other bones.
A. Diaphysis
B. Epiphysis
C. Metaphysis
D. Periosteum
E. Marrow

Epiphysis

This is the shaft of a long bone.
A. Diaphysis
B. Epiphysis
C. Metaphysis
D. Periosteum
E. Marrow

Diaphysis

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length.
A. Periosteum
B. Distal epiphysis
C. Nutrient foramen
D. Articular cartilage
E. Epiphyseal plate

Epiphyseal plate

This is the region in mature bone where the diaphysis and the epiphysis join.
A. Epiphyseal plate
B. Epiphyseal line
C. Metaphysis
D. Diaphyseal line
E. Diaphyseal plate

Metaphysis

These are considered bone-building cells.
A. Osteogenic
B. Osteoclast
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoblasts
E. All of the above

All of the above

Bone remodelling does NOT
A. Occur throughout life
B. Involve bone resorption
C. Involve bone deposition
D. Occur at different rates at different locations
E. Affect compact bone tissue but does affect spongy bone tissue

Affect compact bone tissue but does affect spongy bone tissue