MEDICATIONS | MUASSAB MAY 30, 2025

MEDICATION

It is a substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease.

also has the connotation of an illicitly obtained substance such as heroin, cocaine, or amphetamines.

prescription

The written direction for the preparation and administration of a drug is called a

1. GENERIC NAME

2. TRADE NAME

3. OFFICIAL NAME

4. CHEMICAL NAME

4 KINDS OF DRUG NAMES:

trade name

(sometimes called the brand name) is the name given by the drug manufacturer and identifies it as property of that company.

official name

is the name under which a drug is listed in one of the official publications

chemical name

is the name by which a chemist knows it; this name describes the constituents of the drug precisely.

Generic name

refers to the nonproprietary name given to a drug, by a pharmaceutical company.

nonproprietary

the name of the medicine is not patented, no intellectual property. For example, paracetamol

Generic name

Hyoscine butylbromide

______________ name

Chemical name

Hyoscine N-butylbromide

________name

Brand

Buscopan

__________ name

Pharmacology

is the study of the effect of drugs on living organisms.

Pharmacy

is the art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs. The word also refers to the place where drugs are prepared and dispensed.

licensed pharmacist

prepares, makes, and dispenses drugs as ordered by a physician, dentist, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant.

PHARMACOPOEIA

is a book containing a list of products used in medicine, with descriptions of the product, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, and formulas and prescriptions.

therapeutic effect

- is the primary effect intended, that is, the reason the drug is prescribed.

- also referred to as the desired effect

1. Palliative

2. Curative

3. Supportive

4. Substitutive

5. Chemotherapeutic

6. Restorative

Therapeutic Actions of Drugs:

Palliative

- Relieves the symptoms of a disease but does not affect the disease itself.

- Morphine sulfate, aspirin for pain

Curative

- Cures a disease or condition.

- Penicillin for infection

Supportive

- Supports body function until other treatments or the body's response can take over.

- Norepinephrine bitartrate for low blood pressure; aspirin for high body temperature

Substitutive

- Replaces body fluids or substances

- Thyroxine for hypothyroidism, insulin for diabetes mellitus

Chemotherapeutic

- Destroys malignant cells.

- Busulfan for leukemia

Restorative

- Returns the body to health.

- Vitamin, mineral supplements

SIDE EFFECT

- are usually predictable and may be either harmless or potentially harmful.

- or secondary effect, of a drug is one that is unintended.

ADVERSE EFFECT

- more severe side effects

- reactions, may justify the discontinuation of a drug.

Drug toxicity

(harmful effects of a drug on an organism or tissue) results from overdosage, ingestion of a drug intended for external use, or buildup of the drug in the blood because of impaired metabolism or excretion (cumulative effect).

drug allergy

- is an immunologic reaction to a drug.

anaphylactic reaction

A severe allergic reaction usually occurs immediately after the administration of the drug and is called an

Drug tolerance

exists in a client who exhibits an unusually low physiologic response to a drug and who requires increases in the dosage to maintain a given therapeutic effect.

cumulative effect

is the increasing response to repeated doses of a drug that occurs when the rate of administration exceeds the rate of metabolism or excretion.

idiosyncratic effect

- is one that is unexpected and may be individual to a client.

- the drug may have a completely different effect from the normal one or cause unpredictable and unexplainable symptoms in a particular client.

drug interaction

occurs when the administration of one drug before, at the same time as, or after another drug alters the effect of one or both drugs.

1. Drug to drug

2. Drug to food

3. Drug to condition

Drug interaction has three:

beta-blocker

"olol" is _____________

calcium channel blocker

"dipine" is __________________

angiotensin receptor blocker

"sartan" is ________________________

POTENTIATING EFFECT

may be additive or synergistic

ADDITIVE

When two of the same types of drug increase the action of each other.

- occurs when two different drugs increase the action of one or another drug.

- For example, probenecid, which blocks the excretion of penicillin, can be given with penicillin to increase blood levels of the penicillin for longer periods (synergistic effect).

Iatrogenic disease

(disease caused unintentionally by medical therapy) can be a result of drug therapy.

DRUG MISUSE

is the improper use of common medications in ways that lead to acute and chronic toxicity.

- is the inappropriate intake of a substance, either continually or periodically.

- By definition, drug use is abusive when society considers it abusive.

1. drug dependence

2. habituation.

. Drug abuse has two main aspects:

Drug dependence

is the reliance on or need to take a drug or substance

1. PHYSIOLOGIC

2. PSYCHOLOGIC

The two types of drug dependence:

Physiologic dependence

- is due to biochemical changes in body tissues, especially the nervous system.

- These tissues come to require the substance for normal functioning.

PSYCHOLOGIC

is emotional reliance on a drug to maintain a sense of well-being, accompanied by feelings of need or cravings for that drug.

DRUG HABITUATION

- means a mild form of psychologic dependence.

- The individual develops the habit of taking the substance and feels better after taking it.

Illicit drugs

- also called street drugs, are those sold illegally.

- often are taken because of their mood-altering effect; that is, they make the user feel happy or relaxed.

1. NAME of the medication

2. AMOUNT or DOSAGE of the medication

3. ROUTE of administration

4. TIME of administration

5. SPECIAL or ADDITIONAL instructions

Essential Parts of a Medication Order:

1. stat order

2. single order or one-time order

3. standing order

4. prn order

TYPE OF MEDICATION ORDERS:

stat order

indicates that the medication is to be given immediately and only once (e.g., morphine sulfate 10 milligrams IV stat).

single order or one-time order

is for medication to be given once at a specified time (e.g., Seconal 100 milligrams at bedtime before surgery).

standing order

- may or may not have a termination date.

- may be carried out indefinitely (e.g., multiple vitamins daily) until an order is written to cancel it, or it may be carried out for a specified number of days (e.g., KCl twice daily x 2 days).

prn order

or as-needed order, permits the nurse to give a medication when, in the nurse's judgment, the client requires it (e.g., Amphojel 15 mL prn).

desired dose

D = _____________ (i.e., dose ordered by primary care provider)

dose on hand

H = ______________ (i.e., dose on label of bottle, vial, ampule)

vehicle

V = ____________ (i.e., form in which the drug comes, such as tablet or liquid).

DxV / H = amount to administer

Formula =

10 mL

Order: Erythromycin 500 mg

On hand: 250 mg in 5 mL

2 tablets

Order: Lanoxin (digoxin) 0.5 mg daily.

On hand: Lanoxin (digoxin) 250 mcg/tab

1. ORAL

2. SUBLINGUAL

3. BUCCAL

4. TOPICAL

5. PARENTERAL

ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION:

oral, sublingual, topical, and parenteral.

The most common route of administration:

ORAL

- administration is the most common, least expensive, and most convenient route for most clients.

- the drug is swallowed.

- major disadvantages can include an unpleasant taste of the drugs, irritation of the gastric mucosa, irregular absorption from the GI tract, slow absorption, and, in some cases, harm to the client's teeth.

SUBLINGUAL

- a drug is placed under the tongue, where it dissolves. In a relatively short time, the drug is largely absorbed into the blood vessels on the underside of the tongue.

- should not be swallowed.

BUCCAL

- means "pertaining to the cheek."

- a medication (e.g., a tablet) is held in the mouth against the mucous membranes of the cheek until the drug dissolves

Topical applications

are those applied locally to the skin or to the mucous membranes. They affect only the area to which they are applied.

Dermatologic preparations

topical preparations—applied to the skin.

Instillations and irrigations

—applied into body cavities or orifices, such as the urinary bladder, eyes, ears, nose, rectum, or vagina.

Inhalations

administered into the respiratory tract by a nebulizer or positive pressure breathing apparatus. Air, oxygen, and vapor are generally used to carry the drug into the lungs.

is defined as other than through the alimentary or respiratory tract; that is, by needle.

1. Intradermal

2. Subcutaneous

3. Intramuscular

4. Intravenous

common routes for parenteral administration:

Intradermal

- parenteral administration Under the epidermis (into the dermis)

- The main advantage is fast absorption.

Subcutaneous

parenteral administration Into the subcutaneous tissue, just below the skin.

Intramuscular

parenteral administration Into the muscle

Intravenous

parenteral administration Into a vein

1. Intra-arterial

2. Intracardiac

3. Intra-articular

4. Intraosseous

5. Intraspinal/Intrathecal

6. Intrapleural

7. Epidural

Less Commonly used routes for parenteral administration:

Intra-arterial

parenteral administration Directly or into an artery.

Intracardiac

parenteral administration Directly or into the cardiac muscles, your myocardium.

Intra-articular

parenteral administration Directly or into the joints

Intraosseous

parenteral administration into a bone

Intraspinal/Intrathecal

parenteral administration Into the spinal canal

Intrapleural

parenteral administration into the pleural space

Epidural

parenteral administration into the epidural space

1.Prescribing

2. Transcribing

3. Dispensing

4.Administering

Safety Strategies to Prevent Medication Administration Errors:

1. IDENTIFY THE CLIENT

2. INFORM THE CLIENT

3. ADMINISTER THE DRUG

4. PROVIDE ASSISTIVE INTERVENTIONS AS INDICATED

5. RECORD THE DRUG ADMINISTERED

6. EVALUATE THE CLIENT'S RESPONSE TO DRUG

PROCESS OF ADMINISTERING MEDICATIONS:

1. RIGHT CLIENT

2. RIGHT MEDICATION

3. RIGHT DOSE

4. RIGHT TIME

5. RIGHT ROUTE

6. RIGHT EDUCATION

7. RIGHT ASSESSMENT

8. RIGHT DOCUMENTATION

9. RIGHT EVALUATION

10. RIGHT TO REFUSE

THE RIGHTS OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION:

take

Rx

before

ā

after

p̄

with

c̅

without

s̄

nothing by mouth

NPO

before meals

a.c.

after meals

p.c.

keep vein open/ to keep open

KVO/TKO

discontinue

D.C./disc.

cubic centimeter

cc

drop/drops

gtt[s]